Chimurenga
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Chimurenga is a word that translates from the Shona language as "struggle." The concept is widely used in the Shona-majority country of Zimbabwe to wars against oppression, especially colonialism and neocolonialism.
Zimbabweans refer to three periods of "chirmurenga" in their history. The First Chimurenga refers to the 1896-1897 Shona revolt against colonial rule by the British South Africa Company. The Second Chimurenga refers to the guerrilla war of 1972-1980, which led to the end of white-minority rule in Rhodesia and to the independence of Zimbabwe.
The present era in Zimbabwe is widely known as the Third Chimurenga. Although the victory of the nationalist Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in Zimbabwe's 1980 independence elections following the national liberation struggle against white minority rule was greeted with jubilation, for many war veterans, ZANU militants, and landless black peasants in Zimbabwe, the hopes raised by liberation dissipated. Colonial social and economic structures remained largely intact, with a small minority of white farmers owning the vast majority of the country's most productive land-- the main unit of production in the mostly agricultural society. By 2000 popular calls for reclaiming ancestral Shona lands grew increasingly pronounced, especially with the return of troops from the Second Congo War. As President Robert Mugabe moved toward expropriating white-owned farms, ZANU militants proclaimed the often-violent struggle for land reform the "Third Chimurenga."
See also
The term Chimurenga also refers to a style of music associated with Thomas Mapfumo, who mixed traditional and Western styles in songs that achieved wide popularity among the protest movement against white minority rule.
The term "chimurenga", is also said to be derived from Murenga Sororenzou whose spirit guided ancestors of the people of present day Zimbabwe in their social, political and religious activities. Following Murenga's guidance then became Chimurenga.ru:Чимуренга