Cuthbert of Lindisfarne
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- For the Dungeons & Dragons deity, see Saint Cuthbert (Dungeons & Dragons)
St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (ca. 634–March 20, 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop who was one of the most important medieval saints of England.
Cuthbert was of Northumbrian origin, probably from the neighbourhood of Dunbar, in modern-day Scotland. While still a boy, employed as a shepherd, he thought that he saw one night the soul of Aidan carried to heaven by angels and thereupon went to the monastery of Old Melrose and became a monk (651). Soon afterwards, however, he became a soldier for several years.
After his return to the monastery, his fame for piety, diligence, and obedience quickly grew. When Alchfrith, king of Deira, founded a new monastery at Ripon, Cuthbert became its praepositus hospitum or visitors' host.
Alchfrith, however, adopted Roman usages, and in 661 those monks who followed the Celtic tradition returned to Melrose, where Cuthbert was made prior. He spent much time among the people, ministering to their spiritual needs.
After the Synod of Whitby, Cuthbert seems to have accepted the Roman customs, and his old abbot, Eata, called on him to introduce them at Lindisfarne. This was an ungrateful task, but Cuthbert disarmed opposition by his loving and patient nature.
In 676 he adopted the solitary life and retired to a cave. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and gave himself more and more to austerities. At first he would receive visitors and wash their feet, but later he confined himself to his cell and opened the window only to give his blessing. While on the Farne Islands, he instituted special laws to protect the Eider ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands; these may have been the first bird protection laws anywhere in the world. Consequently, eider ducks are often called cuddy ducks (Cuthbert's ducks) in modern Northumbrian dialects.
In 684, Cuthbert was elected bishop of Lindisfarne, but was reluctant to leave his retirement and take up his charge; it was only after a visit from a large group, including king Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York by Archbishop Theodore and six bishops, on March 26, 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, (two miles from Bamburgh, Northumberland), which was where he eventually died. He was buried at Lindisfarne.
Legend had it that, when Cuthbert's burial casket was opened some years after his death, his body was found to have been perfectly preserved (see: Incorruptibility). This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of Cuthbert's posthumous cultus, to the point where he became the most popular saint of Northern England. Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. The noted 8th century author Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St Cuthbert around 720. He has been described as "perhaps the most popular saint in England prior to the death of Thomas Becket in 1170."1
In 875 the Danes took the monastery of Lindisfarne and the monks fled, carrying with them St Cuthbert's body. After seven years' wandering it found a resting-place at Chester-le-Street until 995, when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Ripon. Then the saint intimated, as it was believed, that he wished to remain in Durham. A new stone church was built, the predecessor of the present grand Cathedral.
In 1104 Cuthbert's tomb was opened again and his relics translated to a new shrine behind the altar of the recently completed Cathedral. When the casket was opened, a small book of the gospels, measuring only three-and-a-half by five inches, now known as the Stonyhurst Gospel, was found. It was also discovered that his vestment was made of Byzantine "Nature Goddess" silk, indicating the extent of the silk trade at this time.2
Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of Northumbria. His feast day is March 20.
See also
References
- Dominic Marner, St. Cuthbert: His Life and Cult in Medieval Durham (2000), page 9.
- Dr G.R. Jones, 'Anglo-saxon England and the Wider World' http://www.le.ac.uk/elh/grj1/asw.html
- Saint Cuthbert in Orthodoxy
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