Egalitarianism
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Egalitarianism is any moral belief that emphasizes the equality of morally-significant beings. Such theories claim that political, economic, social, or civil equality should prevail throughout human society. One can best understand various types of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is supposed to be equal?" and "In what respect are they supposed to be equal?"
The English word is derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level.
Common forms of egalitarianism include economic egalitarianism (also known as material egalitarianism), moral egalitarianism, legal egalitarianism, political egalitarianism, gender egalitarianism and opportunity egalitarianism.
- Material egalitarianism stresses equality with respect to material possessions.
- Legal egalitarianism stresses equality under the law.
- Moral egalitarianism stresses equality in moral worth.
- Political egalitarianism stresses equality in political power.
- Gender egalitarianism stresses equality regardless of gender.
- Opportunity egalitarianism stresses equality in economic and social opportunity.
Different kinds of egalitarianism can sometimes conflict, while in other situations they may be indispensable to each other. For instance, communism is an egalitarian doctrine, according to which everyone is supposed to enjoy material equality. However, because material inequality is pervasive in the current economic systems, some form of material redistribution is necessary. Since those who enjoy the greatest material wealth are not likely to wish to part with it, some form of coercive mechanism must exist in the transition period before communism. But if the coercive powers of redistribution are vested in some people and not in others, inequalities of political power emerge. History has shown, in the former Soviet Union for instance, that people who are granted coercive redistributive powers often abuse them. Indeed, those with political power were known to redistribute vastly unequal shares of material resources to themselves, thereby completely confounding the justification for their unequal political status. Therefore, most Marxists now agree that communism can only be achieved if the coercive powers of redistribution needed during the transitional period are vested in a democratic body whose powers are limited by various checks and balances, in order to prevent abuse. In other words, they argue that political egalitarianism is indispensable to material egalitarianism. Meanwhile, other defenders of material egalitarianism have rejected Marxist communism in favor of such views as libertarian socialism, which does not advocate the transitional use of the state as a means of redistribution.
Libertarianism can be understood as radical political egalitarianism, according to which everyone is equal (or nearly equal) in coercive political power, because no one has any (or those who have it have little and are strictly limited in their use of it). However, political egalitarians, such as the libertarians, often face strong criticism from economic egalitarians who worry about the extremes of economic inequality made possible by unfettered markets.
The United States Declaration of Independence included a kind of moral and legal egalitarianism. Because "all men are created equal", each person is to be treated equally under the law. Originally this statement excluded women, slaves and other groups, but, over time, universal egalitarianism has won wide adherence and is a core component of modern civil rights policies.
At a cultural level, egalitarian theories have developed in sophistication and acceptance during the past two hundred years. Among the notable broadly egalitarian philosophies are socialism, democracy, and human rights, which promote economic, political, and legal egalitarianism, respectively. Several egalitarian ideas enjoy wide support among intellectuals and in the general populations of many countries. Whether any of these ideas have been significantly implemented in practice, however, remains a controversial question. For instance, some argue that modern representative democracy is a realization of political egalitarianism, while others believe that, in reality, most political power still resides in the hands of a ruling class, rather than in the hands of the people.
Almost all theories of egalitarianism aim at equality within human societies, or at least confine themselves to human beings in general as the relevant group among whom equality should prevail. However, some versions of utilitarianism, such as Peter Singer's, include animals, and maintain that the pleasures and pains of every animal, not only human animals, should count equally in moral deliberation. Singer has frequently defended what he calls the principle of equal consideration of interests.
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et:Egalitarism no:Egalitarianisme pl:Egalitaryzm pt:Igualitarismo fi:Egalitarismi