Flower war
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A flower war or more correctly "Flowery war" or a war blossoming with flowers (from the Nahuatl xochiyaoyotl) was, among the Aztec, a planned war in which the objective was not to kill enemies or conquer territory, but rather to capture as many prisoners as possible, who would then be sacrificed in religious ceremonies and maybe eaten. Sources like Juan Bautista de Pomar state that small pieces of meat were offered as gifts to important people in exchange for presents and slaves, but it was rarely eaten, since they considered it had no value; instead it was replaced by turkey, or just thrown away.
The concept seem to existed before the arrived of the aztec, since there are mentioned between the "otomies" (Carrasco: 119-237), but seems to be ocasional, while between the aztec it was periodical, and it seems to be regulated by the movement of Venus.
These sacred wars were planned for both sides involved, not necessarily willingly, and the participants had to be nahuas. Sometimes the rulers of the cities at war were invited to the sacrifice of their own people. After the aztecs conquered most of the nahuatl speaking cities, the cities states of Tlaxcala and Huexotzingo were spared, but with the obligation of participating in the flower war. Eventually, Tlaxcala was the first ally with Hernán Cortés to defeat the Aztecs.
The institution of the sacred war was created by Tlacaelel,consuelor under three tlatoani, when he reformed the Aztec religion and order to burn the books that did not conform to his ideas . The Aztecs were the last of the Nahuatlaca tribes to arrive in the Anahuac valley and were initially despised by the others. Tlacaelel decided to change that; he wanted to give a sense of purpose to the Aztec people. He reformed their religion so that the demand for sacrifices was constant and the honor and the welfare of a warrior was proportional to the number of prisoners he could take. This demanded a constant state of war, and was also a way to demonstrate Aztec power. In turn it became a method of political control. Tlacalelel built this institution over old Mesoamerican beliefs, incorporating the elements for the cult of the old Nahua god Tezcatlipoca into the cult of their local god Huitzilopochtli.
The reason why the xochiyaoyotl was accepted, was that there was a great hunger, and it was proclaimed that human sacrifices were necesary, so it was signed a treaty between Tenochtitlan (aztec), Texcoco, Tlaxcala and Huexotzingo, to engage in ritual battles to provide fresh victims. As the Aztec absorbed Texcoco and most of the territories of Tlaxcala an Huexotzingo, the conflict began to take the form of a real battle.
On account of this institution, Aztec warriors were trained to prefer capturing their enemies in battle, rather than killing. This behaviour has been cited as another reason for their civilizational defeat when opposed to Europeans; to the Aztecs' amazement, the Spanish conquistadors and their allies, actually tried to kill their enemies in battle. By the time the Aztecs had changed their tactics, it was too late.
The prisoners for sacrifice were well treated and well fed, since they were considered messengers to the gods. There were 18 festivities a year that required human sacrifice, but not all required prisoners. Most of the prisoners were sacrificed in the annual festivity to Huitzilopochtli where the priest opened their abdomen (while popular accounts depict the incision on the chest, an obsidian knife could have not cut through the rib cage) ) to get their hearts. The bravest of them were sent to the gladiatorial sacrifice in the annual festivity of Tezcatlipoca, where they were tied on one foot and given mock weapons (with cotton plumes instead of obsidian knives) to fight against a fully armed warrior. If they managed to survive seven warriors, they still had to fight against a left handed warrior. If the prisoner managed to survive, he was freed with honours.
There is a legend of a powerful Tlaxcalteca warrior called Tlahuicole: he was captured, but because of his fame as warrior, he was freed and then he fought with the Aztec in Michoacan. He received honors, but instead of returning to Tlaxcala he chose to die in sacrifice. There were eight days of celebrations in his honor, and then he killed the first eight warriors. Still insisting on being sacrificed, he fought and wounded 20 more warriors before being defeated and sacrificed (taken from History of Tlaxcala, by Muños Camargo, 16th century).
In all the Mesoamerican cultures, blood had a very important place. It was provided not only by human sacrifice, but also by self-sacrifice. Tlacaelel made changes so it became a constant necessity to offer blood to restore the blood the sun lost in his daily battle against the darkness. Every 52 years there was the possibility the world would end. They did not believe it was necessarily a daily sacrifice, but they did believe human sacrifice would postpone indefinitely the defeat of the sun. In a way the Aztecs considered it their duty to maintain the world.
For the Aztec warriors, providing blood for the gods was a sacred duty and it was a noble occupation. In the Aztec world, flowers and feathers were the most precious things, so the word "flower" means "precious" and it was used as a descriptor for the activity of sacred war. The blood flowing from a wound was described as a flower of war.
This is a fragment of a war poem:
| Quetzalxochitl oo Tlachinol xochitli |
Flowers of divine liquor flowers of fire: |
(anonymous poem from Romances de los señores de la Nueva España, Translated from Nahuatl by Angel Ma. Garibay)de:Blumenkrieg nl:Bloemenoorlog