Geostatistics

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Geostatistics applies the theories of stochastic processes and statistical inference to geographic phenomena. It was traditionally used in geo-sciences. Methods of geostatistics are used in petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, agriculture (esp. in precision farming) etc. Applications also exist in varied branches of human geography, particularly those involving the spread of disease (epidemeology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks.

The basic concept of geostatistics is that of scales of spatial variation. Spatially independent data show the same variability regardless of the location of data points. However, spatial data in most cases are not spatially independent. Data values which are close spatially show less variability than data values which are farther away from each other. The exact nature of this pattern varies from data set to data set; each set of data has its own unique function of variability and distance between data points. This variability is generally computed as a function called semivariance.

Spatial autocorrelation can be analyzed using correlograms, covariance functions and variograms (also known as semivariograms).

Dr Herbert Sichel, Danie G. Krige, and Georges Matheron pioneered the field of geostatistics. Krige has yet to respond to the question what happened to the variance of the single distance-weighted average and why this variance was replaced with the pseudo kriging variance of a subset of some infinite set of kriged estimates.

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References

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