Gerardus Mercator

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A separate article is about the mathematician Nicholas Mercator.

Gerardus Mercator (March 5, 1512 – December 2, 1594) was a Flemish cartographer, remembered for the Mercator projection named after him.

Mercator was born Gerard de Cremere (or Kremer) in the Flemish town of Rupelmonde. "Mercator" is the Latinized form of his name. It means "merchant" or "marketeer". He was educated in 's-Hertogenbosch by the famous humanist Macropedius and at the University of Leuven. Although he never travelled extensively, he developed an interest in geography as a means of earning a living. He returned to Leuven and worked with Gemma Frisius and Gaspar Myrica. They worked together from 1535 to 1536 to construct a terrestrial globe. Later, Mercator produced a map of Palestine (1537), another map of the world (1538) and a map of Flanders (1540). During this period he learned Italic script since it was the most suitable type of script for copper engraving of maps. He wrote the first instruction book of Italic script published in northern Europe.

Image:MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg Mercator was convicted of heresy in 1544 because of his wide travels and Protestant faith; he spent seven months in prison. Template:Ref In 1552, he moved to Duisburg where he opened a cartographic workshop. He completed a six-panel map of Europe (1554) and taught mathematics. He produced more maps and he was appointed Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve in 1564. He devised a new projection and first used it in 1569; it had parallel lines of longitude to aid navigation by sea, as compass courses could be marked as straight lines.

Image:Mercator World Map.jpg He took the word atlas to describe a collection of maps, and encouraged Abraham Ortelius to compile the first modern world atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum in 1570. He produced his own atlas in a number of parts, the first of which was published in 1578 and consisted of corrected versions of the maps of Ptolemy (though introducing a number of new errors). Maps of France, Germany and the Netherlands were added in 1585 and of the Balkans and Greece in 1588, further maps were published in 1595 after his death by his son Rumold Mercator.

Mercator devised a technique to produce globes— celestial as well as terrestrial— by techniques of relative mass production. Globes at the time were laboriously produced by engraving upon a sphere of wood or gilded brass. Mercator moulded globes of papier-mâché on a wooden mould, then cut them along the equator; once reassembled, the globes were applied with gesso, a white mixture of thin plaster and sizing. Mercator engraved and printed sets of world maps on twelve tapering gores, with curved edges that narrowed towards the poles, which were cut out and applied to the globe. Circular engraved caps covered the ends at the poles. After the globes were hand-tinted with watercolors they were set in wooden stands with calibrated brass horizon rings. Twenty-two such pairs of Mercator globes have survived.

The Mercator Museum in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium features exhibits about Mercator's life and work.

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Bibliography

Mercator: The Man Who Mapped the Planet by Nicholas Crane, ISBN 0805066241, Henry Holt & Company, Inc.; July 2002

Atlas sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura (Atlas, or Cosmographical Meditations on the Frame for the World and its Form) by Gerardus Mercator, Duisburg, 1595; Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection, Library of Congress. ISBN 1-8917-8826-4

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