Golliwogg
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The Golliwogg (later golliwog) is a rag doll-like, children's literary character created by Florence Kate Upton in the late 19th century. The Golliwogg was inspired by a blackface minstrel doll Upton had as a child in America. Historically very popular in Europe, the doll has become the subject of a great deal of controversy — particularly with ever-increasing ethnic diversity of the resident European population — over whether it should be preserved and passed on as a cherished cultural artifact and childhood tradition, or retired as a relic of an earlier time when anti-black racism was as casual as it was blatant. At least one European company, a leading jam manufacturer in the UK, has recently denied that there is any link between Golliwoggs and black people — in this case in a 1990s statement.Template:Fact
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History
The child of English parents, Upton and her family moved to England when she was fourteen. There she spent several years drawing and developing her artistic skills. In order to afford tuition to art school, she illustrated a children's book entitled The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg. The 1895 book included a character named the "Golliwogg", who was first described as "a horrid sight, the blackest gnome", but who quickly turned out to be a friendly character, and is later attributed with a "kind face". A product of the blackface minstrel tradition, the character was classic "darkie" iconography. The Golliwogg had jet black skin; bright, red lips; and wild, woolly hair. He sported red trousers, a shirt with a stiff collar, red bow-tie, and a blue jacket with tails — all traditional formal minstrel attire.
Upton's book and its many sequels were extremely successful in England, largely because of the popularity of the Golliwogg, which became the generic name for dolls and images of a similar type, spelt "golliwog". The golliwog doll became a popular children's toy throughout most of the 20th century, and was incorporated into many aspects of British commerce and culture; for instance, some of Enid Blyton's books feature them, sometimes as villains and other times as heroes. Upton's Golliwogg was jovial and friendly, but some later golliwogs would be sinister or menacing characters. However, small boys in the 1950s, who would never dream of playing with sissy dolls, had no qualms about a big rag golly and as many golly badges as possible, so that actually meeting a real black man was cause for excitement rather than fear. "The Black and White Minstrel Show", a blackface musical show which ran for many seasons on UK television and stage, had performers of all races blacked up more as golliwogs, with white-ringed eyes, than in the original Minstrel show tradition.
The golliwog contributed enormously to the spread of darky iconography in Europe. It also made its way back across the Atlantic in the form of children's literature, dolls, children's china and other toys, ladies' perfume, and jewellery.
British jam manufacturer James Robertson & Sons used a golliwog called Golly as its mascot from 1910, after John Robertson apparently saw children playing with golliwog dolls in America. Clearly Robertson's were aware of the offence caused, since they called their mascot, "Golly" rather than "Wog" or "Golliwog". Robertson's started producing promotional Golliwog badges in the 1920s, which could be exchanged for tokens gained from their products. In 1983, the company's products were boycotted by the Greater London Council as offensive, and in 1988 the character ceased to be used in television advertising. The company used to give away golliwog badges — with many typically playing jazz instruments or drums. It was dropped only in 2001, and replaced with Roald Dahl characters. Robertson's claimed the decision to retire the Golliwog was simply a commercial decision and had nothing to do with accusations of racism. Today, Robertson's Golliwog badges remain highly collectable, with the very rarest sometimes selling for more than £1,000, and even comparatively common and recent badges being worth £2.00–£3.00.
In his 1947 novel, The Chequer Board, British novelist Nevil Shute depicted the children's doll as an influence on adult behavior:
Because he was uncertain what to do, he put his arms round her and kissed her... For a moment she yielded... then fear came to her, irrational, stark fear. When she was a little child, somebody had given her a golliwog, a black doll with staring white eyes and black curly hair, dressed in a blue coat with red trousers. It had terrified her; whenever she saw it she had screamed with fright so that it had been given to a less sensitive child. Now at the age of seventeen the same stark fear came back to her. What she had been subconsciously afraid of all her life had happened. The golliwog had got her.
After the publication of Upton's first book, the term "golliwog" was used both as a reference to the children's toy and as a generic, racist term for blacks. In England and its colonies, the word "wog", which dictionaries indicate is probably derived from "golliwog", became an ethnic slur applied to dark-skinned peoples worldwide, from Africa and the Caribbean to Australia and India. In the early 1980s, revised editions of Enid Blyton's Noddy books replaced Mr. Golly, the gollywog proprietor of the Toytown garage, with Mr. Sparks, to the outrage of many parents of a generation who thought that was a retrograde iconoclasm biased against both gollies and black garage-owners.
The sixth movement of Claude Debussy's Children's Corner is titled "Golliwogg's Cakewalk".
Golliwog was also World War II British naval slang for a Gauloise cigarette, which had tobacco which was nearly black in color.
The American rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival was known as "The Golliwogs" and under this name they released a number of singles on the Fantasy label before they rose to prominence.
See also
References
- Clean plates GOLIWOG license plate
- Wog American Heritage Dictionary etymology, "Probably short for golliwog"
- Furst, Alan (2004) Dark Voyage, Random House, Random House, ISBN 1400060184: "It was a Gauloise — what British seamen called a golliwog..."
External links
- "The Golliwog Caricature," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia Article by David Pilgrim, Ferris State University, Michigan
- "The Adventures of 2 Dutch Dolls and a Gollywogg" by Bertha Upton 1895 at Project Gutenburg
- "Gollyworld" Information on Robertsons Golly Badgesde:Golliwog