Hausa language

From Free net encyclopedia

{{Infobox Language |name=Hausa |nativename=هَوُسَ |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic |states=Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Togo |speakers=24 million as a first language, 15 million as a second language |rank=41 |fam2=Chadic |fam3=West Chadic |fam4="A" West Chadic |fam5="A.1" West Chadic |nation=Northern States of Nigeria |iso1=ha|iso2=hau|iso3=hau}}

Hausa is the Chadic language with the largest number of speakers, spoken as a first language by about 24 million people, and as a second language by about 15 million more.

1 Classification
2 Geographic distribution
3 Phonology
4 Writing system
5 See also
6 External links

[edit]

Classification

Hausa belongs to the West Chadic languages subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family.

[edit]

Geographic distribution

Native speakers of Hausa are mostly to be found in the African country of Niger and in the north of Nigeria, but the language is widely used as a lingua franca (similar to Swahili in East Africa) in a much larger swathe of West Africa, particularly amongst Muslims.

[edit]

Official status

Hausa is an official language in the north of Nigeria.

[edit]

Dialects

Eastern Hausa dialects include Kano, Katagum and Hadejiya. Western Hausa dialects include Sokoto, Gobir, Adar, Kebbi and Zamfara. Katsina is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa and Arawa. Zaria is the major Southern dialect.

The Kano dialect is the 'standard' variety.

[edit]

Derived languages

Barikanchi is a pidgin formerly used in the military.

[edit]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

Hausa has between 23 and 25 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker.

**Consonant phonemes**
	Bilabial		Alveolar		Post- alveolar (Palato- alveolar)				Velar		Glottal	Palata- lized velar		Labia- lized velar
Plosive		Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA					Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA
Nasal		Template:IPA		Template:IPA
Fricative	Template:IPA		Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA						Template:IPA
Affricate					Template:IPA	Template:IPA
Trill				Template:IPA
Tap or flap							Template:IPA
Approximant								Template:IPA							Template:IPA
Lateral approximant				Template:IPA
Implosive		Template:IPA		Template:IPA
Ejective			Template:IPA					Template:IPA	Template:IPA			Template:IPA		Template:IPA

[edit]

Glottalic Consonants

Hausa has glottalic consonants (implosives and ejectives) at four or five places of articulation (depending on the dialect). They require movement of the glottis during pronunciation and have a staccato sound.

They are written with modified versions of Latin letters. They can also be denoted with an apostrophe, either before or after depending on the letter, as shown below.

b' / Image:Hausa b.gif, an implosive consonant, IPA Template:IPA, or sometimes Template:IPA;

d' / Image:Hausa d.gif, an implosive Template:IPA, sometimes Template:IPA;

ts', an ejective consonant, Template:IPA or Template:IPA according to the dialect;

ch', an ejective Template:IPA (does not occur in Kano dialect)

k' / Image:Hausa k.gif, an ejective Template:IPA; Template:IPA and Template:IPA are separate consonants;

'y is a glottalized y, found in only a small number of high frequency words. Historically it developed from palatalized Template:IPA.

[edit]

Vowels

Hausa has 5 phonemic vowel sounds and 2 lengths, giving a total of 10 vowel phonemes.

[edit]

Tones

Hausa is a tone language. Each of its five vowels a, e, i, o and u may have low tone, high tone and falling tone.

For representing tones the French accented vowels may be used:

à è ì ò ù (low tone)

á é í ó ú (high tone)

â ê î ô û (falling tone)

In standard written Hausa, tone is not marked. However it is needed for disambiguation and thus it is marked in dictionaries and other scientific works.

[edit]

Writing system

Hausa has had a written form for more than 200 years, at first with a variant of the Arabic script called Ajami.

Ajami has largely been superseded by a Latin alphabet (called boko) which was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century as a result of the British occupation of Nigeria. There are three consonants which are added to the basic Latin alphabet: Ɓɓ, Ɗɗ and Ƙƙ. A fourth consonant Ƴƴ is used in Nigeria. The distinction between Template:IPA and Template:IPA which exists for some speakers is not represented in the orthography.

The following letters represent sounds which do not correspond with the same letter as the IPA symbol (eg B represents Template:IPA):