Hickory

From Free net encyclopedia

For other meanings of Hickory please see Hickory (disambiguation).

{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Hickory | image = Hickory07103.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Shagbark Hickory | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Fagales | familia = Juglandaceae | genus = Carya | genus_authority = Nutt. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }}

Hickory is a tree of the genus Carya, including 17-19 species of deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts.

Image:Carya cordiformis.jpg Of the 17-19 species, 12-13 are native to North America (11-12 in the United States, 1 in Mexico), and 5-6 species from China and Indochina.

Another Asian species, Beaked Hickory, previously listed as Carya sinensis, is now treated in a separate genus Annamocarya, as Annamocarya sinensis.

Hickory flowers are small yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are anemophilous and self incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2-5 cm long and 1.5-3 cm diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, thin in a few, notably C. illinoinensis; it is divided into two halves which split apart when the seed germinates.

Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Brown-tail and the Coleophora case-bearers C. laticornella and C. ostryae.

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Species and classification

North America

Carya sect. Carya - typical hickories
- Carya floridana Scrub Hickory
- Carya glabra Pignut Hickory
- Carya myristiciformis Nutmeg Hickory
- Carya ovalis Red Hickory (treated as a synonym of C. glabra by Flora N. Amer.)
- Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory
  - Carya ovata var. australis (syn. C. carolinae-septentrionalis) Southern Shagbark Hickory
- Carya laciniosa Shellbark Hickory
- Carya pallida Sand Hickory
- Carya texana Black Hickory
- Carya tomentosa (syn. C. alba) Mockernut Hickory

Carya sect. Apocarya - pecans
- Carya aquatica Water Hickory
- Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory
- Carya illinoinensis Pecan
- Carya palmeri Mexican Hickory

Asia

Carya sect. Sinocarya - asian hickories
- Carya dabieshanensis Dabie Shan Hickory (may be synonymous with C. cathayensis)
- Carya cathayensis Chinese Hickory
- Carya hunanensis Hunan Hickory
- Carya kweichowensis Guizhou Hickory
- Carya poilanei Poilane's Hickory
- Carya tonkinensis Vietnamese Hickory

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Uses

Hickory wood is extremely tough, yet flexible, and is valued for tool handles, bows (like yew), wheel spokes, carts, drumsticks, golf club shafts (sometimes still called hickory stick, even though made of steel or graphite), walking canes etc. Baseball bats were formerly made of hickory but are now more commonly made of ash. Hickory is also highly prized for wood-burning stoves, because of its high caloric content. Hickory wood is also a preferred type for smoke curing meats.

Image:Hickory nuts 6060.JPG A bark extract from Shagbark Hickory is also used in an edible syrup that is similar to maple syrup, with a slightly bitter, smoky taste.

The nuts of some species are palatable, while others are bitter and only suitable for animal feed. Shagbark and Shellbark Hickories, along with the Pecan, are regarded by some as the finest nut trees.

When cultivated for their nuts, note that because of their self-incompatibility, clonal (grafted) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollenize each other. Two or more different cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination. Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation.

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