Hooliganism

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(Redirected from Hooligans)

Template:Redirect Hooliganism is unruly and destructive behaviour. It has been frequently linked, largely due to the attention of the media, in the public mind with football (soccer) clubs (or occasionally with other sports) and their supporters, although vastly more acts and occurrences of what may be categorised as hooligan behaviour take place which have little or no relationship to sport of any kind. An obvious form of widespread hooliganism is the largely alcohol fuelled social disorder which occurs late at night.

The term has been widely used since (at least) the 1980s to describe various street gangs of youths behaving indecently. As well as football, hooligans have also attached themselves to other sports, such as rugby and cricket.

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Origin of name

The origin of the name is uncertain, but it is known that it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory has the name coming from an Irish hoodlum from London named Patrick Hooligan; another has it coming from a street gang in Islington named "Hooley", a third lists "Hooley" as an Irish word which means a wild, spirited party.

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History of hooliganism and its relationship with sport

Violence in sports has a long history. In the 6th century, rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Green chariot-racing teams in Constantinople, led to 30,000 deaths in the week of the Nika riots in 532.

The game of association football has been associated with violence since its beginnings in 13th century England. Medieval football matches involved hundreds of players, and were essentially pitched battles between the young men of rival villages. Only two periods in British history have been relatively free of football-related violence: the inter-war years and the decade following the Second World War.

The behaviour now known as football hooliganism began in England in the early 1950s. In other European countries, similar patterns of behaviour emerged about fifteen or twenty years later, in the early 1970s. Italian fans created a particularly fanatical brand of football support known as Ultras, who are now a major force in the Italian game and are prevalent in a few other European countries.

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Hooliganism in the Soviet Union and Russia

In the Soviet Union "hooliganism" (хулиганство, khuliganstvo) was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. In the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), article 216 of the penal code defined "hooliganism" as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." This article was used to cover a wide range of behaviours such as vagrancy, stalking, foul language, etc. This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidents involved to public protest.

Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of the Russian Federation and applicable to persons at least 16 years (the age of full responsibility, by Soviet and Russian laws). Hooliganism is graded into "Malicious hooliganism" (злостное хулиганство, zlostnoye khuliganstvo), (simply) hooliganism, and "Petty hooliganism" (мелкое хулиганиство, melkoye khuliganstvo).

"Petty hooliganism" is "subject to administrative proceedings" ("привлекаться к административной ответственности" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law)) and classified as "административный проступок" (administrativny prostupok), which is roughly equivalent to infraction). It is applied to deal with minor street disorders, fighting, and disorderly behaviour generally, mainly by urban youth. The two remaining grades are criminal offences. "Malicious hooliganism" is hooliganism committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist."

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Hooliganism in Iran

In Iran hooliganism, including football hooliganism, is punished by prison or death. According to the SMCCDI (Students Movements Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran) four Esfahan residents were executed by hanging between April 8 and 9 for their part in the October 2001 riots, when hundreds of youths took to the streets following a defeat of the Iranian national football team in a World Cup qualifying match. The four were accused of "banditry", "hooliganism" and "aggression" after clashing with police as furious fans shouting "Death to the Islamic Republic" tore down street decorations put up to welcome Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was to visit to the city the following day.

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Hooliganism in the People's Republic of China

The crime of hooliganism was abolished in China in 1997 with reform of criminal law and was replaced by "disrupting public orders", "causing mass anger", "vandalism", "destruction of public or private property" and other, all punished by prison or death. On October 16 1997 one person was sentenced to death for "stirring up fights and causing trouble". However, in 1998 hooliganism was reintroduced for "Strike Hard". On May 5 (1998) one was sentenced to death for "using condemned mob for committing hooliganism". On July 31 there was a death sentences for "corruption, hooliganism and embezzlement". On November 25, one person was sentenced to death for the alleged crime of "hooliganism". In 2000, there was an execution for "hooliganism and rape". Specified laws on football hooliganism were enacted only in 2005. According to this law, police can arrest [incomprehensible] suspect, detained for twenty days, fined between 2000 to 5000 renminbi and prevented to go to stadia for one year without trial. With trial, football hooligans are executed.

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Hooliganism in North America

Although some like to think of hooliganism as a mainly European problem, there have been many instances of sports-related violence in North America as well. Interestingly, sports violence in North America does not seem to take the same team-based, "us vs. them" tone as in other parts of the world, but is more frequently a breakdown of order following a particularly important victory or galling defeat.

Some of the more famous examples of fan violence include:

  • The 1974 Nickel Beer Brawl at a baseball game at Cleveland Stadium which caused the Cleveland Indians to forfeit to the Texas Rangers after some of the drunken fans started a riot.
  • Disco Demolition Night started out as a tongue-in-cheek "effigy burning" of disco. Between games of a doubleheader between the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers of baseball's American League on July 12, 1979, fans were invited to bring disco records to a large bin on the field to be blown up. Unfortunately the situation turned into a riot; no major damage was caused, but the White Sox were forced to forfeit.
  • A victory celebration in Detroit after the 1990 NBA Finals degenerated into a riot that left 7 dead.
  • Three people died in Chicago after the Chicago Bulls won the 1993 NBA championship.
  • The best-known example of sports-related violence in Canada is the riot that followed the suspension of ice hockey player Maurice Richard in Montreal in 1955.
  • After the Montreal Canadians won the Stanley Cup in 1993, Fans rioted on St. Catherine's Street, torching cars and smashing store windows.
  • At an NBA game in Detroit in 2004, following a brief altercation on the court, Indiana Pacers player Ron Artest stormed into the stands to chase after a fan who threw a cup at his head, which subsequently caused the game to be cancelled with 45.7 seconds remaining (although the outcome of the game was not in doubt). Artest was suspended by the NBA for the remainder of the season (73 games); other Pacers players would face lesser suspensions and legal charges. The incident would be dubbed "the Malice at the Palace (of Auburn Hills)".
  • In Boston, a wild victory celebration in the streets outside Fenway Park after the Red Sox won the 2004 ALCS led to the death of Victoria Snelgrove by riot police. Snelgrove's death was caused by a "non-lethal" projectile (probably a rubber bullet), and resulted in an investigation into police crowd control tactics.
  • Students at the University of Maryland, College Park frequently riot after any significant sporting victory or defeat.
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See also

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Media

Books

  • Among the Thugs
  • Red Army General: Leading Britain's Biggest Hooligan Gang
  • Scally: Confessions Of A Category C Football Hooligan
  • The Football Factory
  • Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (Explorations in Anthropology S.)
  • The Family Game: The Untold Story of Hooliganism in Rugby League
  • Fighting Fans: Football Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon
  • Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-14
  • Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context
  • Barmy Army: The Changing Face of Football Violence
  • The Roots of Football Hooliganism
  • Understanding Soccer Hooliganism
  • Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan
  • Naughty: The Story of a Football Hooligan Gang
  • The Frontline
  • City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad
  • Rolling with the 6.57 Crew: The True Story of Pompey's Legendary Football Fans
  • Hooligan Wars: Causes and Effects of Football Violence
  • Terrace Legends
  • Congratulations, You have just met the I.C.F.
  • Flying With the Owls Crime Squad

Documentaries and films

  • Green Street Hooligans, 2005 film starring Elijah Wood and Charlie Hunnam
  • The Football Factory
  • Trouble On The Terraces
  • Hooligan
  • ID
  • The Firm
  • Ultra, a 1991 Italian language film that follows a group of AS Roma fans
  • Proč?
  • Klatka
  • Hooligans & Thugs: Soccer's Most Violent Fan Fights, imdb.com

Other

  • Hooligans: Storm Over Europe (PC Video Game)
  • Scottish Soccer Hooligan Weekly (Saturday Night Live Sketch)
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External links

eo:Huligano fr:Hooligan he:חוליגניות nl:Hooligan ja:フーリガン pt:Hooligans ru:Хулиганство fi:Huliganismi sv:Huliganism vi:Hooligan zh:球迷骚乱

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