JATO
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JATO may also refer to the group Jews Against the Occupation.
JATO is an acronym for Jet Assisted Take Off. The term is used interchangeably with the (arguably more accurate) RATO (for Rocket Assisted Take Off). It is a system for helping overloaded planes into the air by providing additional thrust in the form of small rockets. See also assisted take off.
Image:BQM-74E launch.jpgEarly experiments with using rockets to boost sailplanes into the air were conducted in Germany in the 1920s, but practical JATO systems were first introduced by the RAF early in World War II. These used fairly large solid fuel rockets to shoot planes (typically the Hawker Hurricane) off a small ramp fitted to the fronts of merchant ships in order to provide some cover against German spotter planes. After firing, the rocket was released from the back of the plane to fall into the water (and sink). The task done, the pilot would fly to friendly territory if possible or parachute from the plane, hopefully to be picked up by one of the escort vessels.
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The Luftwaffe also used the technique in order to help their small bombers into the air with loads that would have made the takeoff run too long otherwise. This became especially important late in the war when the lengths of usable runways were severely curtailed due to the results of Allied bombing. Their system typically used Walter HWK 500 Starthilfe ("start-help") rocket engines driven by breaking down hydrogen peroxide. A parachute pack at the front of the motor was used to slow its fall after being released from the plane, so the system could be re-used. Other German experiments with JATO were aimed at assisting the launch of interceptor aircraft such as the Messerschmitt Me 262 so that they could reach enemy bomber formations sooner. Two similar zero-length launch experiment programs were carried out by both the US Air Force in the late 1950s with a modified Republic F-84, designated the EF-84G, and by the Soviet VVS in the USSR at around the same time, with a modified MiG-19 fighter, designated SM-30, launched from a special launcher, using a nearly identical solid fueled rocket booster design to that of the EF-84G, which used the MGM-1 Matador cruise missile's solid fuel booster.
After World War II JATO became particularly common owing to the low slow-speed thrust of then-current jet engines. As the quality and power of the engines has grown, JATO has fallen from favour. It is still used, however, when heavily-laden aircraft need to take off from short runways. The prop-engined Avro Shackelton used Armstrong-Siddeley Viper turbojets for takeoff.
The US Navy demonstration team, The Blue Angels, use JATO rockets to launch the C-130 'Fat Albert' in under 1,500 feet.
Operation Credible Sport was a United States military operation plan in late 1980 to rescue hostages held by Iran using C-130 cargo planes modified with rocket engines to enable a very short take off and landing. The plan was cancelled.
In all of these cases the term "jet" is inaccurate and the system is more accurately called RATO. However JATO remains the most popular version, apparently due to its US origin.
The JATO Rocket Car is a famous urban legend that relates the story of a car equipped with JATO units for a lark, that is later found smashed into a mountainside. This story is often given as an example of a Darwin Award; however it appears to be apocryphal, with no basis in fact. A particularly elaborate form of this legend has been promulgated by hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow in the ostensibly autobiographical story "Rocket Car". This legend was convincingly debunked in 2003 on the Discovery Channel show MythBusters. They replicated the scene and the thrust of the JATO with some commercially-available amateur rocket motors. The car did go very fast, maybe 150 mph, but did not go anywhere near 300 mph, and did not become airborne. However, a nearly verbatim copy of the cDc version is detailed here, involving a car frame attached to an old mine railcar and a JATO rocket as described in the Cult of the Dead Cow version. The reader must determine whether the presence of two such accounts amounts to verification or copying.de:JATO pl:JATO