Kardashev scale

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Image:Kscaleprojections.png

The Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying how technologically advanced a civilization is, first proposed in 1964 by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev. It has three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal and increasing logarithmically:

• Type I - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available on a single planet, approximately 10¹⁶ W. The actual figure is quite variable; Earth specifically has an available power of 1.74×10¹⁷ W. Kardashev's original definition was 4x10¹² W. (It was identified as a Technological level close(st) to the level presently attained on earth, "presently" meaning 1964.)
• Type II - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single star, approximately 10²⁶ W. Again, this figure is variable; the Sun outputs approximately 3.86×10²⁶ W. Kardashev's original definition was 4x10²⁶ W.
• Type III - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single galaxy, approximately 10³⁶ W. This figure is extremely variable, since galaxies vary widely in size. Kardashev's original definition was 4x10³⁷ W.

All such civilizations are purely hypothetical at this point. However, the Kardashev scale is of use to SETI researchers, science fiction authors, and futurists as a theoretical framework.

Contents 1 Usage and examples 1.1 Possible timeline 1.2 Function as a teleology 2 Weakness by supposition? 2.1 Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources 3 Civilization implications 3.1 Contact constraints 4 Hypothetical extensions 4.1 Fictional extensions 5 Hypothetical futures 5.1 Type I 5.2 Type II 5.3 Type III 5.4 Type IV & V 6 Current values 7 Literature describing different Kardashev Types 8 Connections with sociology and anthropology 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Usage and examples

Human civilization is currently somewhere below Type I, as it is able to harness only a portion of the energy that is available on Earth. The current state of human civilization has thus been named Type 0. Although intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal, Carl Sagan argued that they could easily be defined by interpolating and extrapolating the values given above. He calculated humanity's current civilization to be 0.7. He used a power output of ~10TW and the formula

<math>K = \frac{\log_{10}{W}-6} {10}</math>

where K is a civilization's Kardashev rating and W is its power output in watts. Note that Roman numerals are still used for the integer part of a civilization's rating, while the fractional part is written in decimal.

A possible method by which Earth can advance to a Type I civilization is to begin the heavy use of ocean thermal energy conversion, wind turbines and tidal power to obtain the energy received by Earth's oceans from the Sun. However there is no known way to successfully utilise the full potential of Earth's energy production without complete coating of the surface with man made structures. In the near and medium future, this is an impossibility given humans' current lifestyle. We are, however, already "harnessing" Earth's production through our dependence upon ecosystem services, which may prove more efficient and sustainable than our own technology well into the future. If we choose never to fully substitute synthetics for nature's services on this planet, we may still achieve a Type I civilization by assuring that Earth's ecosystem services are maximally functional.

A hypothetical Type II civilization might employ a Dyson sphere or other similar construct in order to utilize all of the energy output by a star, or perhaps more exotic means such as feeding stellar mass into a black hole to generate usable energy. Alternatively, it may occupy a large number of solar systems, absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star. A Type III civilization might use the same techniques employed by a Type II civilization, applied to all of the stars of one or more galaxies individually, or perhaps might use other mechanisms not yet proposed.

A common and recognisable example of a fictional civilization capable of entering a Type III level is the Galactic Empire which features in many works of space opera. These civilizations utilise energy on a massive scale, generally being in between Type II and Type III.

Possible timeline

Humanity's current history indicates a timeline roughly shown here. These values are approximate, and include future predictions, from 0.8 onwards. They use Sagan's extrapolated version of the scale.

	Type 0 Development of Civilization
	0.25 (3 108 W) Roman Civilization	0.5 (1011 W) Industrial Revolution	0.6 (1012 W) 1891 to 1938 technological expansion	0.7 (1013 W) c. 2000: Nuclear Weapons and Fission power	0.8 (1014 W) c. 2100: Fusion powerTemplate:Citation needed	0.9 (1015 W) c. 2200: Space elevators, the creation of an EcumenopolisTemplate:Citation needed	Type 0 to Type I transition: Civilization self-destructs or achieves a Technological singularityTemplate:Citation needed
Trends:
<math>\Longrightarrow</math>	Increasing levels of technology, Up to 0.5, increasing levels of fragmentation, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
<math>\Longleftarrow</math>	After 0.5, Decreasing levels of fragmentation

Function as a teleology

When transformed from a scale of energy use measurement into a predictive, or normative, description of desirable future technology the Kardashev scale becomes teleological: it predicts an "end of history". As a description of past and future human history it should be compared with the Marxist theory of modes of production which makes similar assertions about combinations of technological and social structures, albeit across a shorter time span.

Weakness by supposition?

Image:Energyconsumption.jpg

It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. This central argument is found within the book Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life<ref name="weakness_by_supposition">A more controversial discussion can be found at Template:Cite web</ref>

It is also possible that the unique conditions on Earth allow for specific technologies to develop which would take many times longer for a civilization not having these conditions to achieve. The list of presumably unique conditions on Earth, and of related discoveries, is quite long. Some examples:

• The Hall-Heroult process and the Bayer process, if not discovered in the late 19th Century, might have led to a delay in the creation of aluminium-dependent technologies, such as aircraft and rocketry.
• The Moon produces tides, and offers some protection from asteroids, comets, and radiation.
• Many discoveries were essentially accidental, such as the discovery of penicillin. Others were based on a theoretical insight, such as the transistor.

It is possible that the conditions for the creation of hydrocarbons, coal, or natural gas would not exist on other planets. These fuels were essential for us to move past dependence upon wood and animal based energy systems. Although waterwheel, wind, and solar energy technologies existed, they were not developed further until suitable industrial techniques were found to produce better materials. These techniques consume massive amounts of energy, and therefore could not be powered by the unimproved technologies. A similar argument could be made that without fossil fuel technologies, more powerful technologies, such as nuclear reactors, could not develop.

Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources

Human perception has a natural bias towards the known energy development paths of Human civilization. It must also be noted that during both the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis highly industrialized societies continued to function; many moved towards developing alternative energy technologies on a massive scale under the assumption that these could provide the energy needed to continue industrial and commercial processes should fossil fuel supplies be compromised in some critical way.

Given this development, it is possible that a society could develop without a stage where fossil fuel based energy production occurs. This version of Buckminster Fuller's argument on Current solar income conforms with Paul Hawken's idea of restorative economy, stating that fossil fuel based energy production is not essential nor desirable given the effects and alternatives. Also, it must be noted that the principles behind the fuel cell were discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838, and were applied by Sir William Grove in 1843, before there was widespread usage of fossil fuels other than coal. This raises the possibility that for alien civilizations fuel cells could be used in place of hydrocarbon fuels. It was only in the 1850s that the first industrial petroleum extraction was started by Edwin Drake.

Civilization implications

Image:HumanExpansion.jpg

There are many historical examples of civilizations undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the Renaissance. The transition between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, since they entail surpassing the hard limits of the resources available in a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation suggests that the transition from Type 0 to Type I might carry a strong risk of self-destruction since there would no longer be room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet. See Malthusian catastrophe for an example of such a speculation.

Some individuals have pointed to the faster upheaval of civilization periods as indicative of an upcoming change over to Type I civilization.<ref name="LongTermHistory">Template:Cite web</ref>

Contact constraints

For pre-Type I civilizations, it is costly to attempt contact with other more advanced civilizations because of the energy output needed. It has been predicted that in order to provide a reliable contact beacon of sufficient power to be noticeable to a Type II civilization, it must output such high energy levels that the cost would be between $1 trillion to $10 trillion in energy. The latter figure is the approximate GDP of the United States at the end of the 1990s through the beginning of the 21st Century.<ref name="IP">Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result it has been suggested that civilization must advance high into Type I before the energy required for reliable contact with other civilizations becomes sufficiently low that it does not drain a civilization's economic resources.

Once civilizations have discovered each others' locations, however, the energy requirements for maintaining contact and exchanging information can be significantly reduced through the use of highly directional transmission technologies. In 1974, the Arecibo Observatory transmitted a message toward the M13 globular cluster about 25,000 light-years away, for example, and the use of larger antennae or shorter wavelengths would allow transmissions of the same energy to be focused on even more remote targets. See SETI for extensive discussion of these possibilities.

Hypothetical extensions

The exponential structure of the scale allows ready extrapolation to higher types. For example:

• Type IV: control of the energy output of a galactic supercluster; approximately 10⁴⁶W.
• Type V: energy control over the visible universe; approximately 10⁵⁶W. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. Frank J. Tipler's Omega point would presumably occupy this level.

Fictional extensions

Template:Spoiler-about These extensions are mainly used in science fiction. They are not "official" and may differ from source to source. For example, some authors would class a "Type V" civilization as Type IV instead. Further examples of extensions of the scale follow:

• Type VI: Energy control over multiple universes; a power level that is technically infiniteTemplate:Citation needed
  • The civilization may have gained the ability to alter physical laws across multiple universes
  • These civilizations can escape a dying universe, and thereby become eternal; it is possible that less advanced civilizations can do so as well.
• Type VII: Hypothetical status of a deity, able to create universes at will, using them as an energy sourceTemplate:Citation needed
  • An example in science fiction of beings with energy usages in the range of Type VII is in Isaac Asimov's short story The Last Question.

Hypothetical futures

Science fiction, having extended these values has also provided guides for possible future changes associated with the fractionalized version of the Kardashev scale. One possible future is presented here. The majority of the assumptions presented here are derived from scientific literature. Nikolai Kardashev's article On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations,<ref>Template:Cite web (connection timed out as of last access date)</ref> where he explains that with increasing energy levels come increasing technology, decreasing cohesiveness, and varying likelihood of survival and contact, largely is a guide to this section. These civilizations and the changes within them are also referenced in Kardashev's papers Cosmology and Civilization<ref name="CaC">Template:Cite web (connection timed out as of last access date)</ref> and Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations.<ref name="ToIbEC">Template:Cite web (connection timed out as of last access date)</ref> The last framework for these explanations can be found at ENERGY AND CULTURE.<ref name="EaC">Template:Cite web (connection timed out as of last access date)</ref> This article provides a much more detailed explanation than that which exists here. It presents a theoretical way to describe trends within more advanced civilizations, along with a specific description of different civilization types. This section takes the article as a guide work, but not as a source, for any such derivation would be plagiarization of the specific descriptions of the different types of civilizations.

Type I

Kaku quotes Dyson as calculating that Earth will achieve a Type I civilization around the year 2200. This estimate is based on a simple extrapolation of the current development rate of Earth's energy budget.

	Type I Single Planetary Civilization
	Early (1016 W to 1019 W)			Middle (1020 W to 1023 W)			Late (1024 W to 1026 W) (debatable)
	near space colonization, near space industry, Asteroid mining, Planet Mining for fuels and energy			First Interstellar travel			Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple planetary civilizations—reversion from single civilization early in type 1.<ref name="where are they?">Template:Cite journal</ref> Construction begins on a Dyson Sphere, Alderson disk, or Ringworld.
Trends:
<math>\Longrightarrow</math>	Increasing levels of technology, Increasing levels of space exploration, space based energy sources increase, offworld civilization centers increase, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
<math>\Longleftarrow</math>	Decreasing levels of centrality, societies and civilizations increasingly are not the same, due to time differences breaking single social bonds 1

Type II

According to Kaku, Kardaschev has estimated the development of such a civilization at the year 5200.

	Type II Civilization has extended to the entire Solar System<ref name="EaC"/>
	Early (1026 W to 1029 W)			Middle (1030 W to 1033 W) (debatable)			Late (1034 W to 1036 W) (debatable)
	Dyson Sphere completion, Exploration and colonization of nearby star systems.<ref name="EaC"/>			star lifting and Shkadov thrusters,			Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple solar system based civilizations—reversion to single star based civilization early, Automated galactic or intergalactic colonization effort may begin<ref name="IP"/>
Trends:
<math>\Longrightarrow</math>	Increasing levels of technology, Exponential growth in stars that are colonized, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
<math>\Longleftarrow</math>	Decreasing levels of centrality, increasing likelihood of fragmentation into single star systems if resources cannot be adequately transferred from central sources, resource based wars may reemerge after disappearance during Type I

Type III

According to Kaku, Kardaschev has estimated the development of such a civilization at the year 7800.

	Type III Colonization of the Milky Way Galaxy has completed
	Early (1036 W to 1039 W) (debatable)			Middle (1040 W to 1043 W) (debatable)			Late (1044 W to 1046 W) (debatable)
	(Continued) colonization of nearby galaxies.			Highly hypothetical at this point, there are no proposals for this or higher levels.
Trends:
<math>\Longrightarrow</math>	Increasing levels of technology, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
<math>\Longleftarrow</math>	Slow growth in galaxies that are colonized due to speed limitations, making centrality impossible

Type IV & V

	Type IV Colonization of the Local Supercluster (1046 W to 1056 W) Can escape the universe via creating a black hole.<ref name="End">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	Type V Colonization of the Visible universe (1056 W to 1066 W)

Current values

Given past and projected values for planetary power production from the International Energy Agency, it can be shown that:

Year	Energy production				Fractional Kardashev scale equivalent
	exajoules/year	terawatts	Quads<ref name="quads">Quads: 1 quadrillion BTU</ref>	mtoes<ref name="mtoes">mtoes: million tonnes (metric tons) of oil equivalents</ref>
1900	21	.67	20	500	0.58
1970	190	6.0	180	4500	0.68
1973	260	8.2	240	6200	0.69
1985	290	9.2	270	6900	0.70
1989	320	10	300	7600	0.70
1993	340	11	320	8100	0.70
1995	360	12	340	8700	0.71
2000	420	13	400	10000	0.71
2001	420	13	400	10000	0.71
2002	430	14	410	10400	0.71
2004	440	14	420	10600	0.72
2010	510	16	480	12100	0.72
2030	680	22	650	16300	0.73

Literature describing different Kardashev Types

These categorizations are not firm, and are neither complete nor absolute. Most science fiction space opera writers do not specifically write their works with Kardashev classification in mind.

• Type I
  • 3001: The Final Odyssey, by Arthur C. Clarke
  • The Fountains of Paradise, by Arthur C. Clarke
  • The Mars trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson
  • The United Federation of Planets, from Star Trek, with advanced Type II size characteristics.
  • The Empire of Man from the CoDominium universe, by Jerry Pournelle
  • Star Wars' galactic-style civilizaton, by George Lucas, with Type III size characteristics.
• Type II
  • The World is Round, by Tony Rothman
  • Ringworld, by Larry Niven
  • Pandora's Star, by Peter F. Hamilton
  • The Foundation Series, by Isaac Asimov
  • Accelerando, by Charles Stross (featuring Matrioshka Brains).
  • The Forge of God, by Greg Bear
  • The feudal empire from Dune, by Frank Herbert
  • Warhammer 40,000 The war torn Galaxy is divided among various empires, species, and chaotic elements.
  • The Forerunners from the Halo video game series (their civilization was apparently galactic in scale, and may have been of Type III, but this cannot be discerned from available information)
• Type III
  • The Culture series, by Iain M. Banks
  • The Uplift universe, by David Brin
  • The Inhibitors of the Revelation Space universe, by Alastair Reynolds
  • Alternate universe aliens, from the episode Tunnel at the End of the Light of Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda
• Type IV and Type V
  • The Xeelee of the Xeelee Sequence, by Stephen Baxter
  • The Gods Themselves, by Isaac Asimov (difficult to place this one.)
  • Man, toward the end of The Last Question, by Isaac Asimov
  • The Time Lords of Doctor Who
  • The Q Continuum, from Star Trek
  • The Ancients, from Stargate SG-1
  • The Lensman series by E. E. Smith
  • The Skylark of Space series also by E. E. Smith

The postcyberpunk graphic novel series Transmetropolitan portrays a near-future society which borders on dystopia. Innovation has focused more on genetic engineering, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology than space exploration. At one point, a video narrator explains, "We can make magic with engines smaller than a virus"—but in one city alone, a dozen people die every day by walking into the wrong district. Placing Earth on the Kardashev scale, the narrator concludes, "This remains a zero society."

Connections with sociology and anthropology

Kardashev's theory can be viewed as the expansion of some social theories, especially from social evolutionism. It is close to the theory of Leslie White, author of The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome (1959). White attempted to create a theory explaining the entire history of humanity. The most important factor in his theory is technology: Social systems are determined by technological systems, wrote White in his book, echoing the earlier theory of Lewis Henry Morgan. As measure of society advancement he proposed the measure energy consumption of a given society (thus his theory is known as energy theory of cultural evolution). He differentiates between five stages of human development. In the first stage, people use energy of their own muscles. In the second stage, they use energy of domesticated animals. In the third stage, they use the energy of plants (which White refers to as agricultural revolution). In the fourth stage, they learn to use the energy of natural resources - such as coal, oil and gas. Finally, in the fifth stage, they harness nuclear energy. White introduced a formula P=E×T, where E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilising the energy.

Notes

<references/>

See also

• Alternative biochemistry
• Amara's law
• Anthropic principle
• Astrosociobiology
• Clarke's three laws
• Drake equation
• Earth's energy budget
• Fermi paradox
• History of science and technology
• Rare Earth hypothesis
• Timeline of fictional future events
• Technological singularity

References

• Kardashev, N. S. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217 (1964)
• Kaku, Michio. "How Advanced Can a Civilization Become?", Astrobiology Magazine, Apr 26, 2004
• Energy Consumption of Europe
• Wind Powering America
• Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre
• LBL Scientists Research Global Warming
• E³ Handbook
• Clarke H2 energy systems
• http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/fall2003/holdren.pdf
• Types Of Civilizations A Look Into A Human Perspective
• Just My Type: Kardashev Civilizations in SF and Beyond
• "Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?", in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis (ed.), Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publ. Co. (1985), pp 465-463.
• Energy Conversions and Equivalencies
• Key World Energy Statistics
• Shkadov Thruster
• Technological Spiral -- alternative view to civilization development timescales

External links

• Kardashev civilizations
• Long Futures
• Kardashev, N. S. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217 (1964)
• Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, by F. J. Dyson
• Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter
• On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations
• The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life
• Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
• ENERGY AND CULTURE
• Flash Animation on Civilizations

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