Democratic National Convention

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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years administered by the Democratic National Committee of the United States Democratic Party. As a national affair, the meeting is attended by delegates from all fifty U.S. states as well as delegates from American dependencies and territories such as Puerto Rico. Like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season.

The primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for President and Vice President, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party.

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Nomination

Today, the party's presidential nominee is chosen in a series of individual state caucuses and primary elections. Due to the nature of how the caucuses and elections are scheduled, the party's presidential nominee is usually known months before the Democratic National Convention is gaveled to order. Historically however, the choice of the party's presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the Democratic National Convention. The choice was an often contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a minimum number of delegates needed.

Backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for President until the last moments of the convention. Dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The most famous dark horse candidate nominated at a Democratic National Convention was James Knox Polk who was chosen to become the candidate for President only after being added to the eighth and ninth delegate ballots.

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History

The first Democratic National Convention was held in 1832. In that year the infamous 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 majority to nominate a candidate for president, in order to show the party's unanimous support of Andrew Jackson. Although this rule was waived in the 1836 and 1840 conventions, in 1844 it was revived by opponents of former President Martin Van Buren, who had the support of a majority, but not a super-majority, of the delegates, in order to prevent him from receiving the nomination. The rule then remained in place for almost the next hundred years, and often led to Democratic National Conventions which dragged on endlessly, most famously in 1924 when "Wets" and "Drys" deadlocked between preferred candidates Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo for 103 ballots before finally agreeing on John W. Davis as a compromise candidate. The 2/3 rule was finally abolished in 1936, when the unanimity in favor of the renomination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt allowed it finally to be put to rest. In the years that followed only one convention (1952) actually went beyond a single ballot, although this may be more attributable to changes in the nominating process itself than to the rules change.

William Jennings Bryan delivered his "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 convention. The most historically notable--and tumultuous--convention of recent memory was the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, which was fraught with highly emotional battles between conventioneers and Vietnam war protesters and a notable outburst by Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley. Other confrontations between various groups, such as the Yippies and members of the Students for a Democratic Society, and the Chicago police in city parks, streets and hotels marred this convention. Following the 1968 convention, in which many reformers had been disappointed in the way that Vice President Hubert Humphrey, despite not having competed in a single primary, easily won the nomination over Senators Eugene McCarthy and George McGovern (who announced after the assassination of another candidate, Senator Robert F. Kennedy), a commission headed by Senator McGovern reformed the Democratic Party's nominating process to increase the power of primaries in choosing delegates in order to increase the democracy of the process. Not entirely coincidentally, McGovern himself won the nomination in 1972, and in the years since the convention has generally played a declining role in actually determining who the nominee will be, instead generally resulting in the installment of a candidate whose nomination was already made inevitable by victories in the primaries. The 1972 convention was significant in that the new rules put into place as a result of the McGovern commission also opened the door for quotas mandating that certain percentages of delegates be women or members of minority groups, and subjects that were previously deemed not fit for political debate, such as abortion and gay rights, now occupied the forefront of political discussion. That convention itself was one of the most bizarre in American history, with sessions beginning in the early evening and lasting until sunrise the next morning, and outside political activists gaining influence at the expense of elected officials and core Democratic constituencies such as organized labor.

The 2004 Democratic National Convention was held in Boston, Massachusetts at the TD Banknorth Garden, then called FleetCenter, from July 26 to 29, 2004. The convention created traffic problems for the Boston area as cars were diverted around the proximity of the convention for security purposes.

Year	Location	Presidential Nominee	Vice Presidential Nominee
1832	Baltimore	Andrew Jackson of Tennessee	Martin Van Buren of New York
1836	Baltimore	Martin Van Buren of New York	Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky
1840	Baltimore	Martin Van Buren of New York	None¹
1844	Baltimore	James K. Polk of Tennessee	George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania
1848	Baltimore	Lewis Cass of Michigan	William O. Butler of Kentucky
1852	Baltimore	Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire	William R. King of Alabama
1856	Cincinnati	James Buchanan of Pennsylvania	John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky
1860	Charleston and then Baltimore	Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois² John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky⁴	Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama³ Joseph Lane of Oregon
1864	Chicago	George B. McClellan of New Jersey	George H. Pendleton of Ohio
1868	New York	Horatio Seymour of New York	Francis P. Blair, Jr. of Missouri
1872	Baltimore	Horace Greeley of New York	B. Gratz Brown of Missouri
1876	Saint Louis	Samuel J. Tilden of New York	Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana
1880	Cincinnati	Winfield S. Hancock of Pennsylvania	William H. English of Indiana
1884	Chicago	Grover Cleveland of New York	Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana
1888	Saint Louis	Grover Cleveland of New York	Allen G. Thurman of Ohio
1892	Chicago	Grover Cleveland of New York	Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois
1896	Chicago	William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska	Arthur Sewall of Maine
1900	Kansas City	William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska	Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois
1904	Saint Louis	Alton B. Parker of New York	Henry G. Davis of West Virginia
1908	Denver	William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska	John W. Kern of Indiana
1912	Baltimore	Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey	Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana
1916	Saint Louis	Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey	Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana
1920	San Francisco	James M. Cox of Ohio	Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York
1924	New York	John W. Davis of New York	Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska
1928	Houston	Alfred E. Smith of New York	Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas
1932	Chicago	Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York	John Nance Garner of Texas
1936	Philadelphia	Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York	John Nance Garner of Texas
1940	Chicago	Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York	Henry A. Wallace of Iowa
1944	Chicago	Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York	Harry S. Truman of Missouri
1948	Philadelphia	Harry S. Truman of Missouri	Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky
1952	Chicago	Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois	John J. Sparkman of Alabama
1956	Chicago	Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois	Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
1960	Los Angeles	John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts	Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas
1964	Atlantic City	Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas	Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota
1968	Chicago	Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota	Edmund S. Muskie of Maine
1972	Miami Beach	George S. McGovern of South Dakota	Thomas F. Eagleton of Missouri⁵
1976	New York	Jimmy Carter of Georgia	Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota
1980	New York	Jimmy Carter of Georgia	Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota
1984	San Francisco	Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota	Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York
1988	Atlanta	Michael S. Dukakis of Massachusetts	Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr. of Texas
1992	New York	William J. Clinton of Arkansas	Albert A. Gore, Jr. of Tennessee
1996	Chicago	William J. Clinton of Arkansas	Albert A. Gore, Jr. of Tennessee
2000	Los Angeles	Albert A. Gore, Jr. of Tennessee	Joseph I. Lieberman of Connecticut
2004	Boston	John F. Kerry of Massachusetts	John R. Edwards of North Carolina

¹ The 1840 convention could not agree on a vice presidential candidate, and none was nominated. Ultimately, most, but not all, Democratic electors voted for Vice President Johnson.
² Douglas and Fitzpatrick chosen as the candidate of the Convention after most of the Southern delegations walked out and formed their own convention.
³ Fitzpatrick declined the nomination. Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia was then made the vice presidential nominee.
⁴ Breckinridge and Lane nominated by the breakaway Southern delegates who had walked out of the main Democratic convention and convened their own convention, also in Baltimore.
⁵ Eagleton was forced to withdraw and was replaced by R. Sargent Shriver, Jr. of Maryland.