Niqqud

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This article concerns the vowel points or vowel marks of Hebrew. For those of Arabic, see Harakat.

In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew Template:Hbrnun Template:Hbrhiriq Template:Hbrqqof Template:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrdalet, Biblical Hebrew Template:HbrnunְקֻTemplate:Hbrddalet Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrtav, Tiberian Hebrew Nəquddôṯ "vowels") is the system of diacritical vowel points (or vowel marks) in the Hebrew alphabet. Several orthographic systems for representing Hebrew vowels were developed in the early middle ages. The most widespread system (and the only one still used to a significant degree today) was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew).

Niqqud marks are small compared to the consonants they are positioned adjacent to, and thus can be added, without requiring the retranscription of texts whose writers did not anticipate their eventual addition.

Non-speakers of Hebrew give their greatest attention to vowel points (usually without using the word "niqqud") in the context of controversy over the interpretation of those written with the Tetragrammaton -- written as Template:HbryodְהTemplate:Hbrvavָה in Hebrew. The interpretation affects discussion of the authentic ancient pronunciation of the name whose other conventional English forms are "Jehovah" and "Yahweh".

1 The signs of the niqqud
2 Disputes Among Protestant Christians
3 See also
4 Technical problems on Wikimedia

[edit]

The signs of the niqqud

This table uses the consonants Template:Hbrbet, Template:Hbrhet or Template:Hbrshin, where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other consonants shown are actually part of the vowel. Note that there is some variation among different traditions in exactly how some vowel points are pronounced. The table below shows how most Israelis would pronounce them, but the classic Ashkenazi pronunciation, for example, differs in several respects.

This demonstration is known to work in Internet Explorer and Mozilla browsers in at least some circumstances, but in most other Windows browsers the niqqud do not properly combine with the consonants. This is because, currently, the Windows text display engine does not combine the niqqud automatically. Except as noted, the vowel pointings should appear directly beneath the consonants, although the accompanying "vowel letter" consonants for the mālê (unchangeable long) forms appear after.

[edit]

Disputes Among Protestant Christians

Protestant literalists who believe that the Hebrew text of the Old Testament is the inspired Word of God are divided on the question of whether or not the vowel points should be considered an inspired part of the Old Testament. In 1624, Louis Cappel, a French Huguenot scholar at Saumur, published a work in which he concluded that the vowel points were a later addition to the biblical text and that the vowel points were added not earlier than the firth century AD. This assertion was hotly contested by Swiss theologian Johannes Buxtorf in 1648. Brian Walton's 1657 polyglot bible followed Cappel in revising the vowel points. In 1675, the 2nd and 3rd canons of the so-called Helvetic Consensus of the Swiss Reformed Church confirmed Buxtorf's view as orthodox and affirmed that the vowel points were inspired.

[edit]

Technical problems on Wikimedia

Important: There is currently a serious bug affecting niqqud in all Wikimedia projects. See Wikipedia:Niqqud for a discussion of the problem in English, and click the language link in the sidebar for an extensive analysis of the problem in Hebrew.br:Niqqud

de:Hebräisches Alphabet#Masoretische Vokalisation fr:Diacritiques de l'alphabet hébreu gl:Diacríticos do alfabeto hebreo he:ניקוד pt:Niqqud

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Categories: Jewish texts | Hebrew language | Pages containing IPA

Niqqud

From Free net encyclopedia

Contents

The signs of the niqqud

Disputes Among Protestant Christians

See also

Technical problems on Wikimedia

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Symbol	Tiberian	Standard
Template:Hbrbetְ	Template:Hbrshin.ְTemplate:Hbrvav Template:Hbrqamazm šəwâ. Transliterated ə (IPA Template:IPA), or not at all (silent).	Template:Hbrshin.ְTemplate:Hbrvav Template:Hbrvav Template:Hbrqamazm šəva, more commonly shva. Officially transliterated ə (IPA Template:IPA) or not at all (silent), but more commonly transliterated e, or clipped as an apostrophe ' or not written at all. See also schwa.
Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhseggol	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:Hbrtet Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrpes Template:HbrsamekhְTemplate:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed ḥăṭep̄ səḡôl. Transliterated ĕ (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:HbrtetַTemplate:Hbrpes Template:Hbrsamekh Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrggimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed ḥataf seggol, more commonly chataf segol, also reduced seghol. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:Hbrtet Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrpes Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ. Transliterated ă (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:HbrtetַTemplate:Hbrpes Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet ḥataf pátaḥ, more commonly chataf pátach, also reduced pathach. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhqamaz	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:Hbrtet Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrpes קָמTemplate:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrzadis ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ. Transliterated ŏ (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhatafpatah Template:HbrtetַTemplate:Hbrpes קָמָTemplate:Hbrzadis ḥataf qamaẓ, more commonly chataf kamatz, also reduced qamets. Transliterated o (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrhiriq	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhiriqm Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrseggolק ḥîreq. Transliterated i (IPA Template:IPA) or í (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhiriqm Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrhiriqmק ḥiriq, more commonly chirik. Transliterated i (IPA Template:IPA). Usually promoted to ḥiriq male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrhiriqm	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhiriqm Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrseggolק מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ḥîreq mālê. Transliterated î (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrhiriqm Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrhiriqmק מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ḥiriq male, more commonly chirik malei. also hiriq yod. Transliterated i (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrzere	Template:Hbrzadi Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrzerem ṣērê. Transliterated ē (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrzadi Template:Hbrzerem Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrzerem ẓere, more commonly tzeirei. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrzerem, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrzereה, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef	Template:Hbrzadi Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrzerem מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ṣērê mālê. Transliterated ê (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrzadi Template:Hbrzerem Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrzerem מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ẓere male, more commonly tzeirei malei, also tsere yod. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA), but more commonly ei (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrseggol	Template:HbrsamekhְTemplate:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed səḡôl. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA) or é (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrsamekh Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrggimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed seggol, more commonly segol. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbryod, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrseggolה, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbralef	Template:HbrsamekhְTemplate:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef səḡôl mālê. Transliterated ệ (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrsamekh Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrggimel Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef seggol male, more commonly segol malei, also segol yod. Transliterated e (IPA Template:IPA), but with י it is more commonly ei (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbetַ	Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet páṯaḥ. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA) or á (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet pátaḥ, more commonly pátach. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbetַה, Template:HbrbetַTemplate:Hbralef	Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef páṯaḥ mālê. Transliterated ậ (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:HbrppeַTemplate:HbrtavַTemplate:Hbrhet מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef pátaḥ male, more commonly pátach malei. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbetָ	קָמTemplate:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrzadis Template:HbrggimelָTemplate:Hbrdalet Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed qāmeṣ gāḏôl. Transliterated ā (IPA Template:IPA).	קָמַTemplate:Hbrzadis Template:HbrggimelָTemplate:Hbrdalet Template:Hbrholamm Template:Hbrlamed qamaẓ gadol, more commonly kamatz gadol, sometimes simply called qamats. May also be marked with a short vertical line (called metheg) to the left of the qamats, to distinguish it from the qamats qatan. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbetָה, Template:HbrbetָTemplate:Hbralef	קָמTemplate:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrzadis מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef qāmeṣ mālê. Transliterated â (IPA Template:IPA).	קָמַTemplate:Hbrzadis מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef qamaẓ male, more commonly kamatz malei, also qamats he. Transliterated a (IPA Template:IPA).
Template:Hbrbetָ	קָמTemplate:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrzadis קָTemplate:HbrtetָTemplate:Hbrnuns qāmeṣ qāṭān. Transliterated o (IPA Template:IPA).	קָמַTemplate:Hbrzadis קָTemplate:HbrtetָTemplate:Hbrnuns qamaẓ qatan, more commonly kamatz katan, also qamats hatuf (not, however, to be confused with hataf qamats). Transliterated o (IPA Template:IPA). Usually promoted to ḥolam male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrholam	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrholam Template:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrmems ḥōlem. Transliterated ō (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrholamm Template:HbrlamedָTemplate:Hbrmems ḥolam, more commonly cholam. Transliterated o (IPA Template:IPA). Usually promoted to ḥolam male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. The holam is written above the consonant on the left corner, or slightly to the left of (i.e., after) it at the top.
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrholamm, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrholamה, Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrholam Template:Hbralef	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrholam Template:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrseggol Template:Hbrmems מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ḥōlem mālê. Transliterated ô (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrhet Template:Hbrholamm Template:HbrlamedַTemplate:Hbrmems מָTemplate:Hbrlamed Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbralef ḥolam male, more commonly cholam malei. Transliterated o (IPA Template:IPA). The holam is written in the normal position relative to the main consonant (above and slightly to the left), which places it directly over the waw/vav.
Template:Hbrbetֻ	קTemplate:Hbrhiriq Template:Hbrbbet Template:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrzadis qibbûṣ. Transliterated u (IPA Template:IPA) or ú (IPA Template:IPA).	קTemplate:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrbbet Template:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrzadis qubbuẓ, more commonly kubutz. Transliterated u (IPA Template:IPA). Usually promoted to šuruq in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrshuruq	Template:Hbrshin.Template:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrseggolק šûreq. Transliterated û (IPA Template:IPA).	Template:Hbrshin.Template:Hbrshuruq Template:Hbrresh Template:Hbrshuruqק šuruq, more commonly shuruk. Transliterated u (IPA Template:IPA). The shuruq is written after the main consonant, because it is essentially a waw/vav with a piercing; the piercing is written identically to a dagesh (see below).
Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrdagesh	Template:HbrddaletָTemplate:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbrshin. dāḡēš. Not technically a vowel. It hardens or doubles the consonant it modifies. The resulting form can still take a niqqud vowel.	Template:HbrddaletָTemplate:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrzere Template:Hbrshin. dageš, more commonly dagesh. Though Standard Hebrew indicates doubled consonants in transliteration, it (but not consonant hardening) is almost universally ignored in Israeli Hebrew. For most consonants the dagesh is written within the consonant, near the middle if possible, but the exact position varies from letter to letter; some letters do not have an open area in the middle, and in these cases it is written usually beside the letter, as with yod. A dagesh used to signify a hardening (of letters Template:Hbrbet Template:Hbrgimel Template:Hbrdalet Template:HbrkafפTemplate:Hbrtav), but not a doubling is known as a dagesh qal, whereas that which doubles the length of a letter is known as a dagesh hazaq. The guttural consonants (Template:HbralefהTemplate:Hbrhetע) and resh (Template:Hbrresh) do not take a dagesh, although the letter he (ה) may appear with a mappiq (which is written the same way as dagesh) at the end of a word to indicate that the letter is not only being used to signify a vowel, but is consonantal. See Dagesh.
Template:Hbrshin Template:Hbrshindot	Šin dot. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the Template:Hbrshin it modifies is to be transliterated š (IPA Template:IPA).	Shin dot. It indicates that the Template:Hbrshin it modifies is to be transliterated š (IPA Template:IPA), though more commonly transliterated sh. The dot for shin is written over the right (first) branch of the letter.
Template:Hbrsin Template:Hbrsindot	Śin dot. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the Template:Hbrsin it modifies is to be transliterated ś (IPA Template:IPA).	Sin dot. It indicates that the Template:Hbrsin it modifies is to be transliterated s (IPA Template:IPA). The dot for sin is written over the left (third) branch of the letter.