Dagesh
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The dagesh (דגש) or daghesh is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It is part of the Masoretes system of niqqud (vowel points), and was added to Hebrew orthography at the same time. An identical point with a different phonetic function (marking different consonants) is called a Mappiq.
The dagesh is a dot which is drawn inside a Hebrew letter to modify its sound. It can either be kal (light) or hazak (strong).
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Dagesh Kal
Dagesh Kal (sometimes referred to as "dagesh lene") may be placed inside the letters bet ב, kaf כ & ך, pe פ gimel ג, dalet ד, tav ת. In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the effect of the dagesh on the above letters is to turn a fricative sound into its equivalent plosive:
- The letter bet sounds like v without and b with dagesh.
- The letter kaf sounds like kh ([[[Template:IPA]]]) without and k with dagesh.
- The letter pe sounds like f without and p with dagesh.
The other three letters to which dagesh kal applies do not vary in Modern Hebrew, but have similar variations in some Hebrew traditions.
Dagesh Hazak
Dagesh Hazak (sometimes referred to as "dagesh forte") may be placed in almost any letter to indicate a doubling of that letter in pronunciation. This phonological variation is not adhered to in Modern Hebrew and is only used by current speakers of Hebrew in situations for careful pronunciation, such as reading of scriptures in a synagogue service, and then only by very precise readers.
It is possible to add Dagesh Hazak to almost any letter, to indicate that the letter in question is doubled.
The following letters, the gutturals, almost never have a dagesh: aleph א, he ה, chet ח, ayin ע, resh ר. (A few instances of resh with dagesh are Masoretically recorded in the Hebrew Bible, as well as a few cases of aleph with a dagesh, such as in Leviticus 23:17.)
The presence of a dagesh hazak or consonant-doubling in a word may be entirely morphological, or, as is often the case, is a lengthening to compensate for a deleted consonant.
Unicode encodings
In computer typography there are two ways to use a dagesh with Hebrew text. Here are Unicode examples:
bet + dagesh: בּ בּ = U+05D1 U+05BC kaf + dagesh: כּ כּ = U+05DB U+05BC pe + dagesh: פּ פּ = U+05E4 U+05BC
bet with dagesh: בּ בּ = U+FB31 kaf with dagesh: כּ כּ = U+FB3B pe with dagesh: פּ פּ = U+FB44
Some fonts, character sets, encodings, and OSes may support neither, one, or both methods.