Fricative consonant
From Free net encyclopedia
| Manners of articulation |
| Obstruent |
| Click |
| Plosive |
| Ejective |
| Implosive |
| Affricate |
| Fricative |
| Sibilant |
| Sonorant |
| Nasal |
| Flaps/Tap |
| Trill |
| Approximant |
| Liquid |
| Vowel |
| Semivowel |
| Lateral |
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Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These are the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of Template:IPA, or the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German Template:IPA, the final consonant of Bach. This turbulent airflow is called frication. A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants (sometimes referred to as stridents). When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA are examples of this.
Contents |
Sibilant fricatives
- Template:IPA voiceless coronal sibilant
- Template:IPA voiced coronal sibilant
- Template:IPA ejective coronal sibilant
- Template:IPA voiceless dental sibilant
- Template:IPA voiced dental sibilant
- Template:IPA voiceless postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
- Template:IPA voiced postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
- Template:IPA voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized)
- Template:IPA voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized)
- Template:IPA voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
- Template:IPA voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
- Template:IPA voiceless retroflex sibilant (apical or sub-apical)
- Template:IPA voiced retroflex sibilant (apical or sub-apical)
All sibilants are coronal, but may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are sub-apical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
Central non-sibilant fricatives
- Template:IPA voiceless bilabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiced bilabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless labiodental fricative
- Template:IPA voiced labiodental fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless linguolabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiced linguolabial fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless interdental fricative
- Template:IPA voiced interdental fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative
- Template:IPA voiced dental nonsibilant fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless alveolar nonsibilant fricative
- Template:IPA voiced alveolar nonsibilant fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless palatal fricative
- Template:IPA voiced palatal fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless velar fricative
- Template:IPA voiced velar fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless palatal-velar fricative (articulation disputed)
- Template:IPA voiceless uvular fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless pharyngeal fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless epiglottal fricative
Lateral fricatives
- Template:IPA voiceless coronal lateral fricative
- Template:IPA voiced coronal lateral fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
- Template:IPA voiceless palatal lateral fricative (needs a raising diacritic)
- Template:IPA voiceless velar lateral fricative
Symbols used for both fricatives and approximants
- Template:IPA voiced uvular fricative
- Template:IPA voiced pharyngeal fricative
- Template:IPA voiced epiglottal fricative
No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters, Template:IPA. Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, Template:IPA.
Pseudo-fricatives
The glottal "fricatives" are actually unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, they are called fricatives for historical reasons.
In addition, Template:IPA is usually called a "voiceless labial-velar fricative", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly-articulated fricatives do not appear to occur in any language.
Languages
See table of consonants for a table of fricatives in English.
Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 27, some of which do not have symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, many languages have no phonemic fricatives at all, and this is a common feature of many Australian Aboriginal languages.
See also
de:Frikativ fr:Consonne fricative ko:마찰음 he:עיצורים חוככים nl:Fricatief ja:摩擦音 no:Frikativ pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa ro:Consoană fricativă fi:Hankausäänne sv:Frikativa zh:擦音