Dental consonant
From Free net encyclopedia
- This article is about a linguistics term. For other uses, please see: Dental.
| Places of articulation |
| Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Labial-alveolar |
| Labiodental |
| Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Alveolar |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
| Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular-epiglottal |
| Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
| Glottal |
| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| [Edit] |
Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. (The latter articulation is called alveolar.)
True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. French, Italian, and Spanish t, d, n, and l are often called dental. However, they are actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth, as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in the Romance languages it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).
The confusion with dental articulation comes from looking at the tongue from outside the mouth: With laminal (denti-)alveolar consonants, the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the teeth. However, it is the rear-most point of contact that is most relevant, for this is what defines the acoustic space of the mouth and gives a consonant its characteristic sound. In the case of the Romance languages, the rear-most contact is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.
This laminal/apical difference is important. If an English speaker trying to speak French simply moves the tongue forward to make the contact dental, while maintaining an apical articulation, any surrounding front rounded vowels will be very difficult to pronounce. If, however, the speaker tucks the tip of the tongue out of the way (such as behind the lower teeth), and makes contact at the same place as in English, the consonants will sound better, and the vowels will be much easier to pronounce. Thus a good phonetic description of a language will specify whether coronal consonants are laminal or apical as well as whether they are dental or alveolar.
Nevertheless, apical dentals occur in some languages. In Albanian, there are two els, one apical alveolar, and one apical dental. However, the apical dental consonant also has retracted tongue root—that is, it is pharyngealized.
Sanskrit, Hindi and all other Indic languages have an entire set of true dental plosives—the unaspitated and the aspirated voiceless dental plosive, and the unaspirated and the aspirated voiced dental plosive. The nasal plosive /n/ also exists, but is quite alveolar in articulation. The type of tongue contact is apical. However, in these langauges, the /t/ and /d/ resemble more like those in Spanish, than like in French, and even lesser than in English. To the Indian speaker, the alveolar /t/ and /d/ of English sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of his own language than the dentals.
The dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
See also
Template:Consonantsar:أسناني de:Dental fr:Consonne dentale ko:치음 he:עיצורים שיניים ja:歯音 pl:Spółgłoska zębowa ro:Consoană dentală sv:Dental konsonant zh:齿音