Pangram

From Free net encyclopedia

A pangram (Greek: pan gramma, "every letter"), or holoalphabetic sentence, is a piece of text which uses every letter of the alphabet. Pangrams are used to display typefaces and test typewriters. The most well-known pangram in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".

Interesting pangrams are generally short ones; constructing a sentence that includes the fewest repeat letters possible is a challenging task. Longer pangrams that are enlightening, humorous, or eccentric can be noteworthy in their own right. In a sense, the pangram is the opposite of the lipogram, where the aim is to omit one or more letters.

Contents

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Examples in English

  • How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts! (49 letters) (Used for font samples by the Macintosh, System 7 era)
  • Crazy Fredericka bought many very exquisite opal jewels. (48 letters)
  • Sixty zippers were quickly picked from the woven jute bag. (48 letters)
  • John Prady, give me a black walnut box of quite small size. (47 letters)
  • Six big devils from Japan quickly forgot how to waltz. (44 letters)
  • My girl wove six dozen plaid jackets before she quit. (43 letters)
  • Cozy lummox gives smart squid who asks for job pen. (39 letters) (Used for font samples by the Macintosh, post-System 7)
  • Adjusting quiver and bow, Zompyc killed the fox.(39 letters)
  • My faxed joke won a pager in the cable TV quiz show. (39 letters)
  • The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. (35 letters) (Used for TrueType/OpenType font samples by Windows)
  • The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. (33 letters)
  • The jay, pig, fox, zebra and my wolves quack! (33 letters)
  • Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. (32 letters) (Used for font samples by Beagle Bros)
  • Few quips galvanized the mock jury box. (32 letters)
  • Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. (31 letters) (Used to be used for bitmap font samples by Windows)
  • The five boxing wizards jump quickly. (31 letters)
  • How quickly daft jumping zebras vex. (30 letters)
  • Two driven jocks help fax my big quiz. (30 letters)
  • Bright vixens jump; dozy fowl quack. (29 letters)
  • Quick wafting zephyrs vex bold Jim. (29 letters)
  • Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim. (29 letters)
  • Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow. (29 letters)
  • Waltz, bad nymph, for quick jigs vex. (28 letters)
  • Brick quiz whangs jumpy veldt fox. (28 letters)
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Perfect pangrams

A pangram in which each letter occurs only once is the pinnacle of the pangram game. This is difficult to achieve without resorting to obscure words and proper nouns; note that purists disapprove of using initials.

  • Blowzy night-frumps vex'd Jack Q.
  • Glum Schwartzkopf vex'd by NJ IQ.
  • New job: fix Mr. Gluck's hazy TV, PDQ!
  • Squdgy fez, blank jimp crwth vox!
    • A short brimless felt hat barely blocks out the sound of a Celtic violin. (created by Claude Shannon)
  • Frowzy things plumb vex'd Jack Q.
  • J. Q. Vandz struck my big fox whelp.
  • Quartz glyph job vex'd cwm finks.
  • Phlegms fyrd wuz qvint jackbox.
  • Zing, vext cwm fly jabs Kurd qoph.
  • Cwm fjord bank glyphs vext quiz.
  • Jumbling vext frowzy hacks PDQ.
    • Being bounced around quickly annoyed the disheveled taxi drivers. (all words in high school dictionary)
  • Mr. Jock, TV Quiz Ph.D, bags few lynx.
  • Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck.
  • Junky qoph flags vext crwd zimb.
  • Quack: XL VD zit grew of nymph's BJ
  • Cwm fjord veg balks nth pyx quiz.
    • Relaxing in basins at the end of inlets puts an end to the test from the box. ('nth' is not an abbreviation)
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Self-enumerating pangrams

A self-enumerating pangram is one which describes exactly the number of letters it itself contains. Because changing the description changes the numbers of letters used in the description, the task of finding such a pangram is exceedingly complex.

This particularly interesting kind of pangram arose from some verbal horseplay between Douglas Hofstadter, an AI researcher and writer for Scientific American, Rudy Kousbroek, a Dutch linguist and essayist, and Lee Sallows, a British electronics engineer. Hofstadter posed the problem of sentences that describe themselves, prompting Sallows to devise the following: "Only the fool would take trouble to verify that his sentence was composed of ten a's, three b's, four c's, four d's, forty-six e's, sixteen f's, four g's, thirteen h's, fifteen i's, two k's, nine l's, four m's, twenty-five n's, twenty-four o's, five p's, sixteen r's, forty-one s's, thirty-seven t's, ten u's, eight v's, eight w's, four x's, eleven y's, twenty-seven commas, twenty-three apostrophes, seven hyphens and, last but not least, a single !". This, while interesting, is not a complete pangram as it lacks a j, q, and z. Kousbroek published a Dutch equivalent, which spurred Sallows, who lives in the Netherlands and reads the paper where Kousbroek writes his essays, to think harder about this problem in order to solve it more generally. Initial attempts to write a program for this came to naught, but, in 1984, he decided to construct a dedicated piece of hardware for this task, the Pangram Machine. This accepts a description of the initial sentence fragment, and tries to fill in the blanks. The result was later published in Scientific American in October of 1984, as follows:

This Pangram contains four a's, one b, two c's, one d, thirty e's, six f's, five g's, seven h's, eleven i's, one j, one k, two l's, two m's, eighteen n's, fifteen o's, two p's, one q, five r's, twenty-seven s's, eighteen t's, two u's, seven v's, eight w's, two x's three y's, & one z.
(Lee Sallows, 1984)[1]
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Other languages

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All letters

  • Catalan:
    • (with ç) Jove xef, porti whisky amb quinze glaçons d'hidrogen, coi!
      • Young chef, bring whisky with fifteen hydrogen ice cubes, damn!
  • Chinese:
    • The nature of written Chinese results in something slightly different. See Thousand Character Classic. It is a one thousand-character poem with each character used exactly once.
  • Danish:
    • Quizdeltagerne spiste jordbær med fløde, mens cirkusklovnen Walther spillede på xylofon
      • The quiz participants ate strawberry with cream while the circus clown Walther played on the xylophone
  • Dutch:
    • Sexy qua lijf, doch bang voor 't zwempak
      • Sexy of body, though scared of the swimsuit
    • Pa's wijze lynx bezag vroom het fikse aquaduct
      • Dad's wise lynx piously observed the formidable aquaduct.
  • Esperanto:
    • Laŭ Ludoviko Zamenhof bongustas freŝa ĉeĥa manĝaĵo kun spicoj
      • According to Ludwig Zamenhof, fresh Czech food with spices tastes good
  • Finnish:
    • (A perfect pangram which doesn't include characters only found in foreign or loanwords (b, c, f, q, w, x, z, å)): Törkylempijä vongahdus
      • Excessive lover, a wooing.
  • French:
    • Portez ce whisky au vieux juge blond qui fume
      • Go take this whisky to the old blond judge who is smoking
    • (with diacritics) Le cœur déçu mais l'âme plutôt naïve, Louÿs rêva de crapaüter en canoë au delà des îles, près du mälström où brûlent les novæ
      • His heart disappointed, but his soul more naive, Louÿs dreamt of doing the nasty in a canoe beyond the isles, close to the maelstrom where the novas burn
    • Bâchez la queue du wagon-taxi avec les pyjamas du fakir
      • Tarpolin-up the taxi-railcar tail with the fakir’s pajamas
  • Gaelic
    • D'fhuascail íosa, Úrmhac na hóighe Beannaithe, pór Éava agus adhaimh
  • German
    • (no umlauts or ß): Sylvia wagt quick den Jux bei Pforzheim
    • (no umlauts or ß): Franz jagt im komplett verwahrlosten Taxi quer durch Bayern
      • Franz chases in the completely shabby cab straight through Bavaria
    • (with umlauts and ß): Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich
      • Victor chases twelve box fighters across the great dam of Sylt
    • (with umlauts and ß, each letter exactly once): "Fix, Schwyz!" quäkt Jürgen blöd vom Paß
      • "Quick, Schwyz!" Jürgen squawks zanily from the pass
  • Greek:
    • Ξεσκεπάζω την ψυχοφθόρα βδελυγμία.
      • I uncover the soul-destroying abhorrence.
  • Hebrew:
    •  ?דג סקרן שט בים מאוכזב ולפתע מצא לו חברה איך הקליטה
      • A curious fish sailed the sea disappointedly, and suddenly found himself a girlfriend—how is the reception?
    • או הנסה אלהים, לבוא לקחת לו גוי מקרב גוי, במסת באתת ובמופתים ובמלחמה וביד חזקה ובזרוע נטויה, ובמוראים גדלים: ככל אשר-עשה לכם יהוה אלהיכם, במצרים--לעיניך (Deuteronomy 4:34)
    • לכן חכו לי נאם יהוה ליום קומי לעד, כי משפטי לאסף גוים לקבצי ממלכות, לשפך עליהם זעמי כל חרון אפי, כי באש קנאתי תאכל כל הארץ (Zephaniah 3:8 - the only verse in the Hebrew Bible that contains all medial forms of the letters plus all final forms)
    • שפן אכל קצת גזר בטעם חסה, ודי.
      • (A rabbit ate some lettuce flavored carrot and that's it)
  • Icelandic:
    • Kæmi ný öxi hér ykist þjófum nú bæði víl og ádrepa
      • If a new axe were here, thieves would feel increasing deterrence and punishment.
  • Italian:
    • "Ma la volpe col suo balzo ha raggiunto il quieto Fido"
      • But the fox with his leap has reached the quiet Fido (without the foreign letters j, k, w, x, and y)
    • "Quel vituperabile xenofobo zelante assaggia il whisky ed esclama: alleluja!"
      • That blameworthy and zealous xenophobe tastes his whisky and says: Alleluja!
  • Japanese:
    • Iroha
    • The poem Iroha uses all 47 classical kana characters exactly once, and it comes in the form of a poem. Iroha is so classically entrenched that any modern construction of a Japanese pangram in classical form is called iroha-uta.
  • Korean:
    • 키스의 고유조건은 입술끼리 만나야 하고 특별한 기술은 필요치 않다.
      • The essential condition for kiss is that lips meet and there is no special technique required.
  • Lithuanian:
    • Įlinkdama fechtuotojo špaga sublykčiojusi pragręžė apvalų arbūzą
      • Incurving fencer sword sparkled and perforated a round watermelon
  • Lojban:
    • .o'i mu xagji sofybakni cu zvati le purdi
      • Watch out, five hungry Soviet-cows are in the garden!
  • Norwegian
    • Vår sære Zulu fra badeøya spilte jo whist og quickstep i min taxi.
      • Our strange Zule from the bathing Island did actually play whist and quickstep in my cab.
    • Høvdingens kjære squaw får litt pizza i Mexico by
      • The chief's dear squaw gets a little pizza in Mexico City
  • Polish:
    • (each letter exactly once) Pójdźże, kiń tę chmurność w głąb flaszy!
      • Come on, drop your sadness into the depth of a bottle!
    • Pchnąć w tę łódź jeża lub ośm skrzyń fig.
      • Push into that boat a hedgehog or eight boxes of figs.
    • (each letter exactly once) Mężny bądź, chroń pułk twój i sześć flag.
      • Be brave, protect your regiment and six flags.
  • Portuguese:
    • (without diacritics) Um pequeno jabuti xereta viu dez cegonhas felizes.
      • A curious little tortoise saw ten happy storks.
    • (without diacritics) Gazeta publica hoje no jornal uma breve nota de faxina na quermesse.
      • The journalists publish today at the newspaper a short note about the cleaning at the kirmiss.
    • À noite, vovô Kowaslky vê o ímã cair no pé do pingüim queixoso e vovó põe açúcar no chá de tâmaras do jabuti feliz.
      • At night, grandpa Kowalsky sees the magnet falling in the complaining penguin's foot and grandma puts sugar in the happy tortoise's date tea.
    • Luís argüia à Júlia que «brações, fé, chá, óxido, pôr, zângão» eram palavras do português.
      • Luís argued to Júlia that “big arms, faith, tea, oxide, to put, bee” were Portuguese words.
  • Romanian:
    • Gheorghe, obezul, a reuşit să obţină jucându-se un flux în Quebec de o mie kilowaţioră.
      • George, the obese, managed to obtain by playing a flux in Quebec of a thousand Kilowatthours
  • Russian:
    • (without ъ) В чащах юга жил бы цитрус? Да, но фальшивый экземпляр!
      • Would a citrus live in the bushes of south? Yes, but only a fake one!
    • (Using quasiobsolete spelling for last word to include ъ) В чащах юга жил бы цитрус? Да, но фальшивый экземпляръ!
      • same
    • (each letter exactly once) Эх, чужак! Общий съём цен шляп (юфть) — вдрызг!
      • Eh, alien! The general takings from prices of hats (made from a thick leather) are absolutely crashed!
    • (each letter exactly once) Экс-граф? Плюш изъят. Бьём чуждый цен хвощ!
      • Ex-count? Plush is confiscated. Fight against the horsetail that is alien to prices!
    • (each letter exactly once) Эй, жлоб! Где туз? Прячь юных съёмщиц в шкаф.
      • Hey, chuff! Where is ace? Hide young lessee-girls into closet.
    • (Microsoft used it in fontview.exe for Cyrillic fonts without «же») Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей же чаю.
      • Eat more of these soft french loaves and drink tea.
  • Serbian:
    • Љубазни фењерџија чађавог лица хоће да ми покаже штос.
    • Ljubazni fenjerdžija čađavog lica hoće da mi pokaže štos.
      • A kind lamplighter with grimy face wants to show me a stunt.
  • Slovene:
    • Šerif bo za vajo spet kuhal domače žgance
      • For an exercise, sheriff will again make home-made mush
    • Piškur molče grabi fižol z dna cezijeve hoste
      • Lambry silently grasps beans from the bottom of cezij forest
  • Spanish:
    • (with ñ and diacritics) El veloz murciélago hindú comía feliz cardillo y kiwi. La cigüeña tocaba el saxofón detrás del palenque de paja.
      • The quick Hindu bat ate happy golden thistle and kiwi. The stork played the saxophone behind the straw arena.
    • (with ñ, ll and rr) El pingüino Wenceslao hizo kilómetros bajo exhaustiva lluvia y frío, añoraba a su querido cachorro.
      • The penguin Wenceslao did kilometres under exhaustive rain and cold, longing for its dear cub.
    • Jovencillo emponzoñado de whisky: ¡qué figurota exhibe!
      • Whisky-intoxicated youngster - what a figure you're showing!
    • Ese libro explica en su epígrafe las hazañas y aventuras de Don Quijote de la Mancha en Kuwait.
      • That book explains in its epigraph the deeds and adventures of Don Quijote de la Mancha in Kuwait.
    • Queda gazpacho, fibra, látex, jamón, kiwi y viñas.
      • There is still gazpacho, fibre, latex, ham, kiwi and vineyards.
    • Whisky bueno: ¡excitad mi frágil pequeña vejez!
      • Good whisky, excite my frail, little old age!
  • Swedish:
    • (lacks q, x and z) Flygande bäckasiner söka hwila på mjuka tuvor.
      • Flying snipes seek rest on soft tufts [of grass].
    • (each letter exactly once) Yxskaftbud, ge vår wczonmö iqhjälp.
      • Axe handle messenger, give our WC zone maiden IQ help.
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Only letters with diacritical marks

A variant tries to make a word or phrase containing at least all letters with diacritical marks:

  • Czech: Příliš žluťoučký kůň úpěl ďábelské ódy ("too yellow horse screamed satanic odas")
  • Esperanto: Eĥoŝanĝo ĉiuĵaŭde ("echo change every Thursday")
  • German: Heizölrückstoßabdämpfung ("fuel oil recoil absorber")
  • Hungarian: árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép ("flood-proof mirror-drilling machine")
  • Icelandic: Sævör grét áðan því úlpan var ónýt ("Sævör cried earlier because the jacket was ruined")
  • Polish: Zażółć gęślą jaźń ("make your mind yellow with instrument")
  • Turkish: Şişli'de büyük çöp yığınları ("Large amounts of garbage in Şişli")
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Uses of pangrams

Pangrams are used for a number of purposes other than games. For example, the pangram The quick red fox jumps over the lazy brown dog was developed by Western Union to test Telex/TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability. Also, like lorem ipsum, pangrams are often used to display how a certain font will appear.

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External links

cs:Pangram de:Pangramm es:Pangrama eo:Ĉiuliteraĵo fr:Pangramme it:Pangramma nl:Pangram ja:パングラム pl:Pangram ru:Панграмма sl:Pangram fi:Pangrammi sv:Pangram

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