Odd-toed ungulate
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{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Odd-toed ungulates
| image = 00296 zebra.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Plains Zebras
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| classis = Mammalia
| ordo = Perissodactyla
| ordo_authority = Owen, 1848
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
Equidae
Tapiridae
Rhinocerotidae
}}
The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla are large to very large browsing and grazing mammals with relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. The members of the order fall into two groups: the suborder Hippomorpha, horses, which have only one toe and tend to be fast runners with long legs, and the suborder Ceratomorpha, which contains two families of slower-moving, thick-set animals with several functional toes: the tapirs and the rhinoceroses.
The odd-toed ungulates arose in what is now North America in the late Paleocene, less than 10 million years after the dinosaurs died out. By the start of the Eocene (55 million years ago) they had diversified and spread out to occupy several continents. The horses and tapirs both evolved in North America; the rhinoceroses appear to have developed in Asia from tapir-like animals and then reinvaded the Americas during the middle Eocene (about 45 million years ago). There were 12 families, of which only three survive. These families were very diverse in form and size; they included the enormous brontotheres and the bizarre chalicotheres. The largest perissodactyl, an Asian rhinoceros called Paraceratherium, reached 12 tons, more than twice the weight of an elephant.
Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsers right through the Oligocene. However, the rise of grasses in the Miocene (about 20 million years ago) saw a major change: the even-toed ungulates with their more complex stomachs were better able to adapt to a coarse, low-nutrition diet, and soon rose to prominence. Nevertheless, many odd-toed species survived and prospered until the late Pleistocene (about 10,000 years ago) when they faced the pressure of human hunting and habitat change.
The three surviving families of odd-toed ungulate are classified as follows.
- ORDER PERISSODACTYLA
- Family Equidae: horses and allies, about 9 species in one genus
- Przewalski's Horse, Equus przewalskii
- Domestic Horse, Equus caballus
- Donkey or African Ass, Equus asinus
- Onager or Asiatic Ass, Equus hemionus
- Plains Zebra, Equus quagga
- Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra
- Grevy's Zebra, Equus grevyi
- Family Tapiridae: tapirs, 4 species in one genus
- Brazilian Tapir, Tapirus terrestris
- Mountain Tapir, Tapirus pinchaque
- Baird's Tapir, Tapirus bairdii
- Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus
- Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses, 5 species in 4 genera
- Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis
- White Rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum
- Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis
- Javan Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros sondaicus
- Sumatran Rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
- Family Equidae: horses and allies, about 9 species in one genus
See also
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ca:Perissodactyla cs:Lichokopytníci da:Uparrettåede hovdyr de:Unpaarhufer es:Perissodactyla eo:Neparhufuloj fr:Périssodactyles ko:말목 it:Perissodactyla li:Oonevehovege nl:Onevenhoevigen no:Upartåede hovdyr ja:ウマ目 pl:Nieparzystokopytne pt:Perissodactyla ru:Непарнокопытные sk:Nepárnokopytníky fi:Kavioeläimet sv:Uddatåiga hovdjur zh:奇蹄目