Phylloxera
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{{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Grape Phylloxera | image = Dactylosphaera vitifolii 1 meyers 1888 v13 p621.png | image_width = 200px | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hemiptera | subordo = Homoptera | familia = Phylloxeridae | genus = Daktulosphaira | species = D. vitifoliae | binomial = Daktulosphaira vitifoliae }}
Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae, superfamily Aphidoidea) is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. These tiny, pale yellow sap-sucking insects, related to aphids, attack the roots of grape vines. The insects and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine. Nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are not found on vines grown in California.
Fighting the "Phylloxera plague"
Inadvertently introduced to Europe in 1860 on imported North American vinestocks, Phylloxera wiped out a significant portion of European wine grapes in the mid-to-late 1800s. Phylloxera is native to the U.S., and native grape species there are at least partially resistant. The European wine grape Vitis vinifera is very susceptible, so when the pest was introduced in Europe it devastated the wine growing industry. In France, some grape growers were so desperate that they buried a toad under each vine. Areas with sandy soils were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually the aphid was everywhere. A huge amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: hybridization and resistant rootstocks.
Hybridization was the breeding of Vitis vinifera with resistant species. Native American grapes are naturally phylloxera resistant but have aromas that are offputting to palates accustomed to European grapes. The intent of the cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the native grape. Ironically, the hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to Phylloxera, although they are much more hardy with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones, and in the EU are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in quality wine.
Use of a resistant rootstock, promoted by Thomas Munson, involves grafting a Vitis vinifera scion onto the roots of a resistant Vitis labrusca or other American native species. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes, and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor. Unfortunately not all rootstocks are equally resistant. In California, many growers used a rootstock called AxR1 which was thought to be resistant. Although phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, mutation and selective pressures within the phylloxera population eventually broke down its resistance, resulting in the failure of a number of vineyards, and the replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today. Many have suggested that this failure was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible V. vinifera cultivar. Modern phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately and cannot wait for grafted vines to be available.
The use of resistant American rootstock to guard against phylloxera also brought about a debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant. Had American rootstock not been available and used, there would be no V. vinifera wine industry in Europe or most other places other than Chile.
External links
- Phylloxera attacks Languedoc Roussillon - in English
- Life cycle of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae and its characteristic injuries described.Template:Link FA
ca:Fil·loxera de:Reblaus es:Dactylosphaera vitifoliae fr:Phylloxéra nl:Druifluis pt:Filoxera sl:Trtna uš