Piedmontese language

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{{language |name=Piedmontese |nativename=Piemontese, Piemontèis |states=Italy |region=northwest Italy, Piedmont |speakers=~2.000.000 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Italic |fam3=Romance |fam4=Italo-Western |fam5=Western |fam6=Gallo-Iberian |fam7=Gallo-Romance |fam8=Gallo-Italic |iso2=roa|iso3=pms}}

Piedmontese (also known as Piemontèis, and Piemontese in Italian) is spoken by some 3 million people in Piedmont, northwest Italy. It is a western neo-Latin language, like French, Provençal and Catalan. Linguists worldwide (e. g. Einar Haugen, Hans Göbl, Helmut Lüdtke, George Bossong, Klaus Bochmann, Karl Gebhardt, Guiu Sobiela Caanitz, Gianrenzo P. Clivio) acknowledge Piedmontese as an independent language, though in Italy it is often still considered an Italian dialect. Today it is not an official language. It is geographically and linguistically close to the northern Italian dialects Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo and Ligurian, as well as to French and Provençal.

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Origins

The first documents in the Piedmontese were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini, when it was extremely close to Occitan. The literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. It did not earn literary esteem comparable to that of French and Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry, theatre pieces, novels and scientific work.

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Characteristics

Some of the most relevant characteristics of the Piedmontese language are:

  1. The presence of verbal pronouns, which a give a Piedmontese phrase the following form: (subject) + verbal pronoun + verb, as in mi i vom [I go]. Verbal pronouns are absent only in the imperative form and in the “Piedmontese interrogative form”.
  2. The agglutinating form of verbal pronouns, which can be connected to dative and locative particles (a-i é [there is], i-j diso [I say to him])
  3. The interrogative form, which adds an enclitic interrogative particle at the end of the verbal form (Veus-to? [Do you want to…])
  4. The absence of ordinal numerals, starting from the seventh place on (so that seventh will be Col che a fa set [That, by which we make seven])
  5. The co-presence of three affirmative interjections (that is, three ways to say yes): Si (from the latin form sic est, as in Italian); É (from the Latin form est, as in Brazilian Portuguese); Òj (from the Latin form hoc est as in Occitan, or maybe illud est, as in Arpitan and French)
  6. The absence of the Template:IPA (as in sheep), for which an S sound (as in sun) is usually substituted
  7. The presence of a S-C combination (pronounced as you would in s-church)
  8. The presence of an N- sound (pronounced as the gerundive termination in going), which usually precedes a vowel, as in lun-a [moon]
  9. The presence of the sixth piedmontese vowel Ë, which is read as a very short sound (somehow close to the half-mute sound in sir)
  10. The almost total absence of double consonantal sounds, with the exception of simple intervocalic consonants following an Ë (as in sënner [ash])
  11. The existence of a prostenic Ë sound, which gets interposed when two consonantal sounds get to collide. So stèila [star] becomes set ēstèile [seven stars].

Piedmontese has a number of dialects, and may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variations include not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Longobard origin. Imports from the North African languages are also present, as a remnant of the Saracen occupation in the 10th century, while more recent imports tend to come from France.

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Current status

As elsewhere in Italy, Italian dominates everyday communication and is spoken to a far greater extent by the population than Piedmontese. Usage of the language has been discouraged by the Kingdom of Italy first, and since World War II, officially to prevent discrimination against immigrants from the south of Italy, who moved to Turin in particular in large numbers.

In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional administration, although the Italian government does not recognise it. In theory it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only in a limited way.

The last decade has seen the publication of learning material for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been catching up. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to a recent surveyTemplate:Ref. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful.

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Links and References

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External links


Template:InterWikiaf:Piëmontees (taal) it:Dialetto piemontese no:Piemontesisk språk pl:Język piemoncki

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