Pneumoencephalography
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Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG) is a medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is drained from around the brain and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture. It is derived from an earlier, more primitive procedure, ventriculography where the air is injected through holes drilled in the skull. Pneumoencephalography procedure was performed extensively throughout the late 20th century; however, the procedure was extremely painful and, as researchers would later discover, very dangerous. By the late 1980s, the procedure was largely abandoned by the medical community, having been supplanted by the CT scan and metrizamide cisternography. Today, pneumoencephalography is limited to the research field and is used under rare circumstances.
A related procedure is pneumoencephalomyelography, where gas is used.
Pneumoencephalography appears in popular culture in the movie The Exorcist (1973), when Linda Blair's Regan McNeil character undergoes the procedure.
See the history of brain imaging for more details.