Pope Callixtus III
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- Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. For the antipope, see Antipope Callixtus III
Calixtus III, né Alfons de Borja (December 31, 1378– August 6, 1458) was born near Xàtiva, València, today Spain but then Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon, and was Pope from April 8, 1455 to his death. His early career was spent as a professor of law at Lleida and then as a diplomat in the service of the Kings of Aragon, especially during the Council of Basel (1431–39). He became a cardinal after reconciling Pope Eugene IV (1431–47) with King Alfons V of Aragon (1416–58).
He was raised to the papal chair in 1455 as Calixtus III at a very advanced age as a compromise candidate. He was feeble and incompetent. The great object of his policy was the urging of a crusade against the Turks, who had captured Constantinople in 1453, but he did not find the Christian princes responsive to his call despite his every effort.
Pope Calixtus III made two of his nephews cardinals, one of whom, Roderic de Borgia, later became the notably corrupt Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503).
On June 29, 1456, he ordered the bells to be rung at noon (see noon bell) in all the Church to call Christians for praying. As news spread with some delay, this order became connected with the Siege of Belgrade (which happened on July 22), a victory against the Turks. To commemorate this victory, Calixtus III ordered the Transfiguration to be held on August 6.
He ordered a new trial for St. Joan of Arc (c. 1412–31), at which she was posthumously vindicated.
According to one story, first appearing in a posthumous biography in 1475 and later embellished and popularized by Pierre-Simon Laplace, Calixtus III excommunicated the 1456 apparition of Halley's Comet, believing it to be an ill omen for the Christian defenders of Belgrade, who were at that time being besieged by the armies of the Ottoman Empire. No known primary source supports the authenticity of this account. Calixtus III's papal bull of June 29, 1456, which called for public prayer for the success of the crusade, makes no mention of the comet, and by August 6, when the Turkish siege was broken, the comet had not been visible for several weeks.
Calixtus III's pre-papal coat of arms featured a grazing ox.
Template:Start box Template:Succession box Template:End boxca:Calixt III de:Kalixt III. (Papst) et:Calixtus III es:Calixto III fr:Calixte III ko:교황 갈리스토 3세 it:Papa Callisto III nl:Paus Calixtus III ja:カリストゥス3世 (ローマ教皇) no:Callistus III pl:Kalikst III pt:Papa Calisto III ru:Каликст III (папа римский) sk:Kalixt III. sl:Papež Kalist III. sv:Calixtus III zh:卡利克斯特三世