Pre-Socratic philosophy
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The Pre-Socratic philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously, but expounding knowledge developed earlier.
It is sometimes difficult to determine the actual line of argument some pre-Socratics used in supporting their particular views. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form. All we have are quotations by later philosophers, historians, and the occasional textual fragment.
The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. Many of them asked:
- Where does everything come from?
- What is it really made out of?
- How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature?
- How might we describe nature mathematically?
Others concentrated on defining problems and paradoxes that became the basis for later mathematical, scientific and philosophic study. Of course, the cosmologies proposed by the early Greek philosophers have been updated by views based on modern science. Later philosophers rejected many of the answers they provided, but continued to place importance on their questions.
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List of philosophers and schools
The traditional cursus of pre-socratic philosophers and movements (there are minor variations) is shown below: Image:Presocratic graph.png
- Thales (c. 585 BC)
- Anaximander (610-547)
- Anaximenes of Miletus (585-525 BC)
- Pythagoras (582-496 BC)
- Alcmaeon of Croton
- Archytas (428-347 BC)
- Heraclitus (535-475 BC)
- Eleatic School
- Xenophanes (570-470 BC)
- Parmenides (510-440 BC)
- Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC)
- Philolaus (480-405 BC)
- Melissus of Samos (C.470 BC-Unknown)
- Empedocles (490-430 BC)
- Anaxagoras (500-428 BC)
- Leucippus (5th century BC, dates unknown)
- Democritus (460-370 BC)
- Protagoras (481-420 BC)
- Gorgias (483-375 BC)
- Thrasymachus
- Callicles
- Critias
- Prodicus (465-390 BC?)
- Hippias (485-415 BC)
- Antiphon (person) (480-411 BC)
- Anonymous Iamblichi
- Diogenes of Apollonia (C.460 BC-Unknown)
Other groupings
This list includes several men, particularly the Seven Sages, who appear to have been practical politicians and sources of epigrammatic wisdom, rather than speculative thinkers or philosophers in the modern sense.
- Solon (c. 594 BC)
- Chilon of Sparta (c. 560 BC)
- Thales (c. 585 BC)
- Bias of Priene (c. 570 BC)
- Cleobulus of Rhodes (c. 600 BC)
- Pittacus of Mitylene (c. 600 BC)
- Periander (625-585 BC)
- Aristeas of Proconessus (7th Century BC ?)
- Pherecydes of Syros (c. 540 BC)
- Anacharsis (c. 590 BC)
- Theano (mathematician) (5th century BC, dates unknown)
See also
References
- Burnet, John, Early Greek Philosophy, Meridian Books, New York, 1957
- Kirk, G.S., Raven, J.E. & Schofield, M., The Presocratic Philosophers (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press, 1983
- Nahm, Milton C., Selections from Early Greek Philosophy, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1962
- De Vogel, C.J., Greek Philosophy, Volume I, Thales to Plato, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1963
External links
- D. H. Th. Vollenhoven's History of the Presocratic Philosophers translated by H. Evan Runner [1]
| This article is part of The Presocratic Philosophers series |
| Thales | Anaximander | Anaximenes of Miletus | Pythagoras | Philolaus | Archytas | Empedocles | Heraclitus | Parmenides | Zeno of Elea | Melissus of Samos | Xenophanes | Anaxagoras | Leucippus | Democritus | Protagoras | Gorgias | Prodicus | Hippias | Pherecydes |