Proofreading
From Free net encyclopedia
Proofreading means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors.
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Proofreading in printing and publishing
A proof copy is traditionally a version of a manuscript that has been typeset after copyediting, but the line between copyediting and proofreading is thin. When handwritten originals were common, it was often easier for a copy editor to review and mark up a manuscript after it had been typeset. With computer typesetting from electronic manuscripts, the distinction becomes even more blurred.
Proof typescripts often contain typographical errors introduced by mistyping (hence the word typo to refer to misplaced or incorrect characters). Traditionally, a proofreader checks the typeset copy and marks any errors using standard proof correction marks (such as those specified in the international standard ISO-5776 or more specifically for English, the British Standard BS-5261:2). The proof is then returned to the typesetter for correction, and in many cases the production of a second proof copy (or "revise").
Today, the term "proofreading" is often used incorrectly to refer to copyediting, although there is overlap between the two. Proofreading consists of reviewing any text, hardcopy or electronic copy (on a computer), against an original document and checking for formatting errors and typos. Many computerised word processors offer the ability to "Show Formatting Marks", displaying them as visible characters which allow proofreaders to ensure that there are no multiple spaces or stray carriage returns present in the text.
Copyediting consists of checking grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting; noting inconsistencies; and pointing out any wording that is unclear, ambiguous, or potentially offensive.
Proofreading in biology
The term proofreading is used to refer to the error-correcting processes involved in transcription of a genetic code. In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II, and III) have the ability to proofread, using 3'->5' exonuclease activity. In eukaryotes only the polymerases that deal with the elongation (γ, δ and ε) have proofreading ability (3'->5' exonuclease activity).
Proofreading in UK schools
Teachers regularly have to assess their students' exams and essays. They usually use the General Proofreader Marks advised by the Ministry of Education. These mistake symbols have to be used officially in A-Level examinations in the United Kingdom.
| |O | wrong spelling (orthography) |
| |P | punctuation |
| |Gr | grammar (e.g.: he walk) |
| |E | wrong expression |
| |W or |L | wrong word (lexical mistake) |
| |√ | word left out |
| |Pr | preposition |
| |Pron | pronoun |
| |T | tense |
| |Const | wrong construction |
| |Str | structure |
| |Ps | position |
See also
- copy editing
- house style
- obelism
- writing circles
- typographical personification
- typographical syntax
- Distributed Proofreaders
- Proofreading Guidelines