Sandstone

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Image:Stadtroda Sandstein.jpg

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray, and white. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone may be strongly identified with certain regions. For instance, much of the North American West is well-known for its red sandstones.

Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common building and paving material. Because of the hardness of the individual grains, uniformity of grain size, and somewhat friable nature, sandstone is an excellent material from which to make grindstones for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used for grindstones grinding grain.

Rock formations that are primarily sandstone usually allow percolation of water and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers. Fine grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are more apt to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices such as limestones or other rocks fractured from seismic activity.

Contents 1 Origins 2 Types of sandstone 3 Basic References 4 See also

Origins

Image:SandstoneUSGOV.jpg Sandstones are clastic in origin (as opposed to organic, like chalk or coal, or chemical, like gypsum and jasper). They are formed from the cemented grains that may be fragments of a pre-existing rock, or else just mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays and silica. Grain sizes in sands are in the range of 0.1mm to 2mm. (Rocks with smaller grainsizes include siltstones and shales and are typically called argillaceous sediments, as are also clays. Rocks with larger grainsizes include both breccias and conglomerates and are termed rudaceous sediments.).

The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation of it from either water, as in a river, lake, or sea, or from air, as in a desert. Typically sedimentation occurs by the sand either settling out from suspension; ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water or ground surface in a desert; or more typically a combination of both processes. Finally, after once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains.

The environment of deposition is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone, which on a finer scale include its grainsize, sorting, composition and on a larger scale include the rock geometry. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:

• Terrestrial environments

1. Rivers (levees, point bars, channel sands)
2. Alluvial fans
3. Glacial outwash
4. Lakes
5. Deserts (sand dunes and ergs)

• Marine environments

1. Deltas
2. Beach and shoreface sands
3. Tidal deltas, flats
4. Offshore bars and sand waves
5. Storm deposits (tempestites)
6. Turbidites (submarine channels and fans)

Types of sandstone

Image:Sandstone(quartz)USGOV.jpg Once the geological characteristics of a sandstone have been established, it can then be assigned to one of three broad groups:

• arkosic sandstones, which have a high (>25%) feldspar content.
• quartzose sandstones which have a high (>90%) quartz content. Sometimes these sandstones are termed "orthoquartzites", e.g., the Tuscarora Quartzite of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians.
• argillaceous sandstones, such as greywacke, which have a significant clay or silt content.

Dholpur beige, rajpura pink,marson copper and khatu teak are some types of sandstone.

Basic References

Boggs, J.R., 2000, Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0130996963

Folk, R.L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version. Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, ISBN 0914696149

Pettijohn, F.J., P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987, Sand and sandstone, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387963502

Scholle, P.A., 1978, A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28. ISBN 0891813047

Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982, Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31. ISBN 0891813071

Prepared sample of sandstone

A natural sandstone formation composed of cemented quartz sand

Sandstone patterns on an chamber wall in Petra

Arbroath Abbey, showing distinctive sandstone colouring

See also

• Old Red Sandstone
• Bargate stone
• Geology
• List of minerals
• List of stone
• sedimentary basins
• Brownstonecs:Pískovec

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