Spanish Navy

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Image:Escudo Armada.png The Spanish Navy (in Spanish, Armada Española) is the martime arm of the Spanish Military.

1 History
2 Modern navy
3 Ranks
4 Ship classes
5 Naval aircraft
6 External links

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History

The Armada's roots go back the discovering of America, when two small ships (Caravels) and one Nao commanded by Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived in North America in 1492. After that, Hernán Cortés, Pizarro and other conquerors were conducted by the Spanish Armada to America. It should be noted that the founder kingdoms of Spain, Castile and Aragon, possessed strong naval capacities from as early as the 13th century. Aragon had used its navy to build an empire in the Mediterranean and Castile had used its own in expeditions against the Moors (capture of Cadiz, 1236) and even several major battles against English fleets in support of France during the 100 Years War. Both navies, as was their successor, the Armada, were constantly involved in fighting North African Muslim raiders.

One of the most famous Armada Admirals in history was Álvaro de Bazán, "Almirante del Mar Océano" (Admiral of the Ocean Sea), a title granted to Columbus by King Ferdinand. De Bazán helped to conduct the Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Empire in 1571. The Infantería de Marina (Navy Infantry), the world's oldest marine force (established in 1537 drawing from the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles), played a prominent role in this battle.

The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 did not mark a decline in the Spanish navy's dominance but actually led to a thorough reform and rapid recovery of its dominance. Following the repulse of an English Armada in 1589 the Spanish navy won a number of victories and successfully dealt with buccaneering against the Spanish treasure fleets and attacks upon its Caribbean territories. The years that followed the 1588 defeat were in fact the zenith of the Spanish navy's mastery of the oceans.

It was the Dutch rebels that were to be the nemesis of Spanish sea power. Their commanders, selected for skill and experience, not aristocratic credentials, had inflicted serious defeats upon the Spanish navy from as early as the 1570s, and increasingly damaged Spanish and Portuguese shipping, especially from the 1520s (Portugal was then under Spanish Habsburg rule). Most notable of these attacks was the Battle of Gibraltar in 1607 in which smaller, nimbler Dutch vessels surprised large ocean going galleons in the confines of the bay, with devastating results. Such attacks weakened and then finally ended the Armada's dominance with the destruction of a large troop carrying fleet at the Battle of the Downs in 1639, the last time the Spanish navy would challenge for the control of the English Channel. Further defeats were inflicted by the Dutch in the 1640s. Smelling the decline of Spanish power the English dictator, Oliver Cromwell, initiated the Anglo-Spanish War (1654). The newly rebuilt English navy, greatly refined in technique by recent hard fought battles with the Dutch, inflicted several devastating defeats on the increasingly antiquated Armada, and helped England seize the major island of Jamaica. This was to be the beginning of further losses of islands to other powers in the Caribbean, that were used as bases for attacks on Spanish American towns and shipping by pirates and privateers. The government of the later Spanish Habsburgs, having bankrupted and exhausted Spain in massive war efforts, showed no sign of its predecessors' vigorous reforming abilities, nor had the funds to do so, and so the once proud navy was eclipsed by its Dutch, English and French counterparts and even lost some major warships to their privateers in a grim struggle for survival. Indeed, in the latter part of the 17th century the services of the Dutch navy were sometimes engaged to help protect the treasure fleets.

During the eighteenth century the new Bourbon monarchy brought with it French expertise which modernised the Armada and its administration. A "Secretaría" (Ministry) of the Army and Navy was established in 1714. However it was a very distant third as the French and British navies vied for dominance. Nevertheless the armada still played an indispensible role in important military successes as in the War of Polish Succession, the War of Jenkins' Ear and the American War of Independence, and continued carrying out its regular duties such as patrolling coastlines, suppressing piracy and protecting convoys, with the help of a large fleet of frigates.

Throughout its history the Spanish Navy has achieved numerous goals, from the transportation of gold and silver from the colonies in America, to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in Europe, America, Asia and Africa. In its heyday it contributed enormously to the geographical knowledge of the world, the opening of ocean routes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the suppression of piracy and smuggling. It also contributed to the early development of ocean going vessels, most famously the galleon, and played an important part in the development the submarine.

The nineteenth century was the nadir of the Spanish Armada's history. The armada suffered two disastrous defeats. On June 29 1805, it was defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar. Of the 15 ships, only 4 regained Cadiz. More importantly the one sided battle which pitted 33 ships of the Franco-Spanish squadron against 27 British ships exposed the futility of using inexperienced crews against the highly experienced British sailors. Many of the Spanish crews were land soldiers, recently press-ganged beggars and peasants, with many not having even fired a canon on board a rolling ship, in contrast to the British crews who had seen many actions by this time. This had come about by the loss of many experienced sailors to an epidemic of the yellow fever in 1802-04, as well as being a traditional practice in times of war. Compounding this was the distinct lack of trust and respect for the French admiral among the resentful Spanish captains. And of course the decisive element was Admiral Nelson's daring tactics that maximised the advantage of the skill disparities between the opposing squadrons. The armada's remaining 45 ships of the line (of about 150 vessels in total) remained at port until it joined the anti-Napoleonic coalition with the popular uprising of Spain against occupation in 1808.

Then on July 3rd of 1898, Admiral Cervera's fault ridden squadron was annihilated in a heroic but clearly hopeless charge to get past a blockade by a powerful American squadron off Cuba, during the Spanish-American war. This result were ultimately more due to the thoroughly corrupt, arrogant and inept state the Spanish government and colonial administration had fallen into at this time, than to any failings of the sailors and commanders themselves, who by and large acquitted themselves with honour in battle and defeat, as was acknowledged by their American counterparts.

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Modern navy

Image:Naval Jack of Spain.svg In modern times, the Armada Española is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations, from SFOR to Haiti.

Today's Armada is a modern navy with ships such as aircraft carriers, modern frigates (F-100 class) with the Aegis combat system, F-80 frigates, F-70 frigates, amphibious ships and plenty of other smaller ships, including an oceanographic research ship. The Spanish Navy Infantry (Marines), known in Spanish as the Infantería de Marina, is also part of the Armada.

The Armada's special operations and unconventional warfare capability is embodied in its newly-formed Naval Special Warfare Command (Mando de Guerra Naval Especial), which is under the direct control of the Admiral of the Fleet. Two units operate under this command:

The Unidad de Operaciones Especiales (UOE): Special operations unit trained in combat diving, coastal infiltration, shipboarding, direct action and special reconnaissance.
The Unidad de Buceadores de Combate (UEBC): Specialist combat diving unit trained in underwater demolitions.

Armada officers recive their education at the Spanish Naval Academy (ENM). They are recruited in two different ways:

Militar de Complemento: Similar to the U.S. ROTC program, students are college graduates who enroll the Navy. They spend a year at the Naval Academy and then are commissioned as Ensigns. This path is becoming more and more prestigious.
Militar de Carrera: Students spend five years at the ENM, receiving a university degree-equivalent upon graduation.

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Ranks

The officer ranks of the Spanish Navy are as follows below, (for a comparison with other NATO ranks, see Ranks and Insignia of NATO).

Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Blank Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Spain

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Ship classes

Image:SPSPrincipedeAsturias.jpg

Aircraft Carrier.
- R-11 Principe de Asturias
- Buque de Proyección Estratégica L-60 Aragón class
  - L-61 Aragón (ordered, commission 2008)
Frigates.
- F-100 Alvaro de Bazán class
  - F-105 ? (ordered, commission 2009)
  - F-104 Méndez Núñez
  - F-103 Blas de Lezo
  - F-102 Juan de Borbón
  - F-101 Alvaro de Bazán
- F-80 Santa María class
- F-70 Baleares class
  - F-75 Extremadura (decommission 2006)
  - F-74 Asturias (decommission 2007)
Submarines.
- S-80 class
  - S-84 ? (ordered, planned commission 2014)
  - S-83 ? (ordered, planned commission 2013)
  - S-82 ? (ordered, planned commission 2012)
  - S-81 ? (ordered, planned commission 2011)
- S-70 Galerna class
  - S-74 Tramontana
  - S-73 Mistral
  - S-72 Siroco
  - S-71 Galerna
Amphibious ships.
- LPD L-50 Galicia-class
  - L-52 Castilla
  - L-51 Galicia
- LST L-40 Pizarro class
  - L-42 Pizarro
  - L-41 Hernán Cortes
Patrol ships.
- BAM class
  - (4 ordered)
- P-75 Descubierta class
  - P-79 Vencedora
  - P-78 Cazadora
  - P-77 Infanta Cristina
  - P-76 Infanta Elena
  - P-75 Descubierta
- P-70 Serviola class
  - P-74 Atalaya
  - P-73 Vigía
  - P-72 Centinela
  - P-71 Serviola
- P-60 Chirleu class
  - P-64 Tarifa
  - P-63 Arnomendi
  - P-62 Alborán
  - P-61 Chirleu
- P-80 Toralla class
  - P-82 Formentor
  - P-81 Toralla
- P-30 Conejera class
  - P-34 Alcanada
  - P-33 Espalmador
  - P-32 Dragonera
  - P-31 Conejera
- P-20 Anaga class
  - P-30 Bergantín
  - P-28 Tabarca
  - P-27 Izaro
  - P-26 Medas
  - P-25 Grosa
  - P-24 Mouro
  - P-23 Marola
  - P-22 Tagomago
  - P-21 Anaga
- P-10 Barceló class
  - P-16 Candido Pérez
  - P-15 Acevedo
  - P-14 Ordóñez
  - P-12 Laya
  - P-11 Barceló
- P-110 Aresa class
  - P-114
  - P-111
- P-211 Cabo Fradera class
  - P-211 Cabo Fradera
Mine warfare vessels.
- MCM support ship M-10 Descubierta Modified class
  - M-11 Diana
- Minehunters M-30 Segura class
  - M-36 Tajo
  - M-35 Duero
  - M-34 Turia
  - M-33 Tambre
  - M-32 Sella
  - M-31 Segura
Auxiliary ships.
- Replenishment ships.
  - A-15 Cantabria (ordered, planned commission 2008)
  - A-14 Patiño
- Fleet oiler.
  - A-11 Marques de la Ensenada
- Logistic ship.
  - A-01 Contramaestre Casado
- Cargo ships.
  - A-05 El camino español
  - A-04 Martín Posadillo
- EW support ship.
  - A-111 Alerta
- Submarine rescue ship.
  - A-20 Neptuno
- Salvage tug.
  - A-101 Mar Caribe
- Fleet tugs.
  - A-53 La Graña
  - A-52 Las Palmas
  - A-51 Mahón
- Polar research ship.
  - A-33 Hespérides
- Hydrographic ships.
  - A-93 Sextante
  - A-92 Escandallo
  - A-91 Astrolabio
  - A-32 Tofiño
  - A-31 Malaspina
  - A-24 Rigel
  - A-23 Antares
- Coastal water tankers.
  - A-66 Condestable Zaragoza
  - A-65 Marinero Jarana
- Sail training ship.
  - A-71 Elcano
- Training ships.
  - A-85 Guardiamarina Chereguini
  - A-84 Guardiamarina.Rull
  - A-83 Guardiamarina Godínez
  - A-82 Guardiamarina Salas
  - A-77 Sálvora
  - A-76 Giralda
  - A-75 Sisargas
  - A-74 La Graciosa
  - A-72 Arosa