Tarantella
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- Tarentel redirects here. For other uses, see Tarantel (disambiguation)
- For the terminal services application Tarantella, see Tarantella, Inc.
The tarantella (tarentule, tarentella, tarantel) is a traditional dance in rapid 6/8 time characterised by the rapid whirling of couples. There are several local variations of this dance, including the Napolitan, Sicilian, and Calabrian. It is led by a central singer/speaker. A taratella is also a song that can be played by instrumentalists.
It is named after Taranto in southern Italy, and is popularly associated with the large local wolf spider or "tarantula" spider (Lycosa_tarentula) whose bite was allegedly deadly and could be cured only by frenetic dancing (see tarantism). In actual fact the spider's venom is not dangerous enough to cause any severe effects. and the spiders, far from being aggressive, avoid human contact.
The tarantella can be traced back to the Middle Ages, and may have evolved from an even older dance. According to legend, an epidemic of tarantula poisonings spread through the town of Taranto. The victims (tarantata) were typically farm women or others whose daily life might reasonably bring them into contact with the kinds of spiders that run in the fields. These supposed victims of spider bites would dance while villagers played mandolins or tambourines. Various rhythms were used until one worked, vigorous dancing ensued, and eventually the tarantata was cured. Many people have suggested that the whole business was a deceit to evade religious proscriptions against dancing. Regional variations on the tarantella abound, with the versions from Naples and Sicily probably the most widespread. This dance is a staple of some old-fashioned Southern Italian weddings.
Despite some speculative accounts, there are no arachnids known to have hallucinogenic venom. Instances of dancing mania however, have been explained as ergot "poisoning", or ergotism, known in the Middle Ages as "St. Anthony's Fire" which is caused by eating rye infected with Claviceps purpurea, a small fungus that contains toxic and psychoactive chemicals (alkaloids), including lysergic acid (used in modern times to synthesize LSD). Whether unusual psychological states caused by these or other agents were sometimes mistaken for the effects of spider bites is unknown.
Dancing the tarantella alone was said to be unlucky, and thus it was always a couples dance, involving either a male and a female or two females. The tarantella is a circle dance, performed clockwise until the music in the set changes to become faster, after which everyone changes direction. This cycle occurs several times, eventually becoming so fast that it is very difficult to keep up with the beat. The music is generally led by a mandolin.
Instances in other settings and media
- The tarantella can be heard in the [1] Puma website.
- The tarantella's themes can be heard as a background music in some Italian restaurants.
- It has appeared in feature films such as The Godfather.
- A performance of the tarantella was central to the plot of Henrik Ibsen's A Dolls House.
- Franz Liszt composed a piece called "Tarantella, Venezia e Napoli" (No. 3 from Les Années de Pèlerinage, 2nd Year: Italy), which is in a rapid tempo also in 6/8 time, although nowadays it is commonly misprinted as being in 2/4 time.
- Frédéric Chopin wrote a piece called "Tarentelle" (Opus 43), which has not only the characteristic 6/8 time signature, but also a very frantic and frenzied arpeggiated left hand part, representing the spinning nature of the dance.
- Sergei Rachmaninoff's Suite No. 2 for Two Pianos, Op. 17, features an extremely challenging and ferocious Tarantella for its finale.
- "Tarantallegra" is a jinx in Harry Potter books which causes the opponent's legs to move rapidly and uncontrollably, hinting that the incantation of this jinx might be based on the tarantella dance. This jinx is first introduced in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in the Dueling Club scene.
- Tom Waits mentions "tarantella" in his song, "Tango 'Till They're Sore", but in the context, it seems more likely that he is referring to a song rather than a dance. Interestingly, "Tango 'Till They're Sore" is in 6/8 time.
- The tarantella's theme can be heard in the Puppy Love Levels in Earthworm Jim 2.
See also
de:Tarantella (Tanz) fr:Tarentelle it:Tarantella nl:Tarantella ja:タランテラ pl:Tarantela scn:Tarantella th:ทาแรนเทลลา zh:塔朗泰拉