Timeline of solar astronomy

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Timeline of solar astronomy

Contents 1 17th Century 2 19th Century 3 Twentieth century 4 21st Century

17th Century

• 1613 - Galileo Galilei uses sunspot observations to demonstrate the rotation of the Sun
• 1619 - Johannes Kepler postulates a solar wind to explain the direction of comet tails

19th Century

• 1802 - William Hyde Wollaston observes dark lines in the solar spectrum
• 1814 - Joseph Fraunhofer systematically studies the dark lines in the solar spectrum
• 1834 - Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun
• 1843 - Heinrich Schwabe announces his discovery of the sunspot cycle and estimates its period to be about ten years
• 1852 - Edward Sabine shows that sunspot number is correlated with geomagnetic field variations
• 1859 - Richard Carrington discovers solar flares
• 1860 - Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen discover that each chemical element has its own distinct set of spectral lines and use this fact to explain the solar dark lines
• 1861 - Gustav Spörer discovers the variation of sun-spot latitudes during a solar cycle, known as Spörer's law
• 1863 - Richard Carrington discovers the differential nature of solar rotation
• 1868 - Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer discover an unidentified yellow line in solar prominence spectra and suggest it comes from a new element which they name "helium"
• 1893 - Edward Maunder discovers the 1645-1715 Maunder sunspot minimum

Twentieth century

• 1904 - Edward Maunder plots the first sunspot "butterfly diagram"
• 1906 - Karl Schwarzschild explains solar limb darkening
• 1908 - George Hale discovers the Zeeman splitting of spectral lines from sunspots
• 1929 - Bernard Lyot invents the coronagraph and observes the corona with an "artificial eclipse."
• 1942 - J.S. Hey detects solar radio waves
• 1949 - Herbert Friedman detects solar X-rays
• 1960 - Robert Leighton, Robert Noyes, and George Simon discover solar five-minute oscillations by observing the Doppler shifts of solar dark lines
• 1961 - Horace W. Babcock proposes the magnetic coiling sunspot theory
• 1970 - Roger Ulrich, John Leibacher, and Robert Stein deduce from theoretical solar models that the interior of the Sun could act as a resonant acoustic cavity
• 1975 - Franz-Ludwig Deubner makes the first accurate measurements of the period and horizontal wavelength of the five-minute solar oscillations
• 1981 - NASA retrieves data from 1978 showing a comet crashing into the sun

21st Century

• 2004 - Fourth-largest and largest solar flares ever recorded occurja:太陽物理学の年表