Turandot
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- For the opera by Ferruccio Busoni, see Turandot (Busoni).
Turandot is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni, based on the play Turandot by Carlo Gozzi. It was left unfinished by Puccini at his death, and completed by Franco Alfano. The first performance, at the Teatro alla Scala, in Milan, on 25 April 1926, conducted by Arturo Toscanini, included only Puccini's music and not Alfano's additions. Later performances were of the completed score.
Turandot is a Persian word and name meaning "the daughter of Turan", Turan being the region of Central Asia which used to be a part of Persian Empire<ref>For a discussion about the pronunciation of the name, cf. {{cite journal
| author = Patrick Vincent Casali | year = 1997 | month = | title = The Pronunciation of Turandot: Puccini's Last Enigma | journal = Opera Quarterly | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 77-91 | id = Template:ISSN / Online Template:ISSN | url = http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/13/4/77/ }}</ref>.
Contents |
Characters
- Principal roles
- Minor roles
- Other
- Executioner - Mute
- Prince of Persia
- Guards, children, ghosts, officials, slaves... - Chorus
Plot
Act I
In front of the imperial palace.
A Mandarin announces the law of the land: any man who desires to wed Turandot must first answer her three riddles. If he fails, he will be put to death. The Prince of Persia has failed, and he is to be beheaded at moonrise. As the crowd surges towards the gates of the palace, crying for blood, an old man is pushed to the ground, and his young slave-girl Liù calls for help. A young man hears her cry, and recognizes the old man as his long-lost father Timur, the deposed king of Tartary. The young Prince of Tartary urges his father not to speak his name because he fears the hatred of the Chinese rulers who have conquered Tartary. Timur tells his son that of all his servants, only Liù has remained faithful to him. When the Prince asks her why, she tells him that he once smiled upon her.
The moon rises, and the crowd's cries for blood turn into silence. The doomed Prince of Persia is led before the crowd on his way to execution, and the crowd's mood turns to mercy. They call on Turandot to spare the Prince. She appears, and with a single gesture orders the execution to continue. The Prince of Tartary, seeing Turandot for the first time, is enthralled by her beauty. As he cries out her name with joy, the crowd screams in horror: The Prince of Persia has been beheaded. Timur urges his son to desist. Liù, who is secretly in love with the Prince, pleads with him not to attempt the riddles. The ministers Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and warn him that Turandot is unattainable. The Prince refuses to listen to them and rushes to the gong that hangs in front of the palace. Calling Turandot's name, he strikes the gong three times, thereby declaring himself a suitor. Ping, Pong, and Pang laugh, and the curtain falls.
Act II
Scene 1
A pavilion in the imperial palace. Before sunrise.
Ping, Pang, and Pong lament their place as ministers. Because of Turandot's bloody reign, they continually accompany young men to death.
Scene 2
The courtyard of the palace. Sunrise.
The Emperor Altoum sits on his grand throne in his palace. Three times he urges the Prince to withdraw his challenge, and three times the Prince refuses. The Mandarin announces the beginning of the challenge. In the aria In Questa Reggia, Turandot explains that her ancestor of millennia past, Princess Lo-u-Ling, was ravished and murdered by a foreigner, and now out of revenge she has sworn to never let any man possess her. She warns the Prince to withdraw, but again he refuses. The Princess presents her first riddle: "What is born each night and dies each dawn?" The Prince correctly replies, "Hope." The Princess, unnerved, presents her second riddle: "What flickers red and warm like a flame, but is not fire?" The Prince thinks for a moment before replying, "Blood". The Princess is shaken, but tells him that he is correct. She presents her third riddle: "What is like ice, but burns?" As the prince thinks, Turandot taunts him. Suddenly he cries out victory and answers, "Turandot!" The crowd cheers for the Prince. Turandot throws herself at the Emperor's feet and pleads him not to leave her to the Prince's mercy. The Emperor insists that an oath is sacred, and it is Turandot's duty to wed the Prince. As she cries out in anger, the Prince stops her, saying that he has a proposal for her. "You do not know my name. Bring me my name," he tells her. "Bring me my name before sunrise, and at sunrise, I will die". The Emperor declares that he hopes to call the Prince his son come sunrise, and as he exits, the curtain falls.
Act III
Scene 1
The palace gardens. Night.
In the distance, heralds call out Turandot's command: "This night, none shall sleep in Peking! The penalty for all will be death if the Prince's name is not discovered by morning!" The Prince, in the aria Nessun Dorma, anticipates his victory. Ping, Pong, and Pang offer the Prince women and riches if he will only give up Turandot, but he refuses. A group of soldiers drag in Timur and Liù. They have been seen speaking to the Prince, so they must know his name. Turandot enters and orders Timur and Liù to speak. Liù declares that she alone knows the Prince's name, but she will not reveal it. Ping demands the Prince's name, and when she refuses him, she is beaten. Turandot is impressed by Liù's resistance and asks her secret. Liù tells her, "Love." Turandot demands that Ping tear the Prince's name from Liù, and he threatens Liù with death. He orders her to be tortured. Liù seizes a dagger from a soldier's belt and stabs herself. As she staggers towards the Prince and falls dead, the crowd screams for her to speak the Prince's name. Since Timur is blind, he must be told about Liù's death, and he cries out in anguish. Timur warns that the gods will be offended by this outrage and that Liu's spirit may return to seek revenge. The crowd is subdued with shame and fear. The grieving Timur and the crowd follow Liù's body as it is carried away. Even the three ministers, Ping, Pang and Pong express remorse and then exit, leaving Turandot and the Prince alone.
Here Puccini's work ends. The remainder of the music was completed by Franco Alfano from Puccini's sketches.
The Prince tries to convince Turandot to love him. At first she is disgusted, but after he kisses her, she feels herself turning towards passion. Dawn is breaking as the Prince reveals to her his name, Calaf, and places his life in her hands as the trumpets sound.
Scene 2
The courtyard of the palace. Dawn.
Turandot and Calaf approach the Emperor's throne. She declares that she knows the Prince's name: "His name is ... love!" As the crowd cheers, the curtain falls.
Noted arias
- Signore, ascolta (Liù)
- Non piangere, Liù (Calaf)
- In questa reggia (Turandot)
- Nessun dorma (Calaf)
- Tanto amore segreto (Liù)
- Tu che di gel sei cinta (Liù)
- Del primo pianto (Turandot - from the final scenes not completed by Puccini)
History
Puccini first began working on Turandot in March 1920 after meeting with librettists Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. He began composition in January 1921. By March 1924, he had completed the opera up to the final duet. However, he was unsatisfied with the text of the final duet, and did not continue until October 8, when he chose Adami's fourth version of the duet text. On October 10 he was diagnosed with throat cancer and some weeks later went to Brussels, Belgium for treatment. There he underwent surgery on November 24, but died of complications on November 29, 1924. He left behind 36 pages of sketches on 23 sheets for the end of Turandot, together with instructions that Riccardo Zandonai should finish the opera. Puccini's son Tonio objected, and eventually Franco Alfano was chosen to flesh out the sketches. Alfano provided a first version of the ending with a few passages of his own, and even a few sentences added to the libretto which was not considered complete even by Puccini himself. After the severe criticisms by editor Ricordi and the conductor Arturo Toscanini, he was forced to write a second, strictly censored version that followed Puccini's sketches more closely, to the point where he did not set some of Adami's text to music because Puccini had not indicated how he wanted it to sound. Ricordi's real concern was not the quality of Alfano's work, but that he wanted the end of Turandot to sound as if it had been written by Puccini, and Alfano's editing had to be seamless. The debate over which version of the ending is better is still open, but the consensus generally tends towards Alfano's first score. Scrutiny of the sketches, which Ricordi later allowed scholars to analyze (and sometimes publish), showed how Alfano actually didn't even try to use most of the short sketches on the sheets, with the exception of those with an obvious placement and one short theme he freely transformed, and used for the sake of stylistic continuity. From 1976 to 1988 the American composer Janet Maguire, convinced that the whole ending is someway coded in the sketches left by Puccini, composed a new, never performed ending. Only in 2001 an official new completion was made by Luciano Berio. Unfortunately, even this last one has received a mixed reception.
The première of Turandot was at La Scala, Milan, on Sunday April 25 1926, 1 year and 5 months after Puccini's death. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini, and the cast was:
- Turandot - Rosa Raisa
- The Prince - Miguel Fleta
- Liù - Maria Zamboni
and
- Altoum - Francesco Dominici
- Timur - Carlo Walter
- Ping - Giacomo Rimini
- Pang - Emilio Venturini
- Pong - Giuseppe Nessi
In the middle of Act III, two measures after the words, "Liù, poesia!" the orchestra rested. Toscanini stopped and laid down his baton. He turned to the audience and announced: "Qui il Maestro finì." ("Here the Maestro finished.")<ref>According to a 1974 interview with an eyewitness, these were Toscanini's words. This brevity is consistent with the conductor's taciturn behavior. Finì means both "terminated his work" and "died".</ref> The curtain was lowered slowly. Later performances included Alfano's ending.
For many years, the People's Republic of China forbade performance of Turandot because they said it portrayed China and the Chinese unfavorably. In the late 1990s they relented, and in September 1998, the opera was performed for eight nights at the Forbidden City in the People's Republic of China, complete with opulent sets and soldiers from the People's Liberation Army as extras. It was an international collaboration, with director Zhang Yimou as choreographer and Zubin Mehta as conductor. The singing roles saw Giovanna Casolla as Princess Turandot, Sergej Larin as Calaf, and Barbara Frittoli as Liù.
Orchestration
The orchestra consists of one piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, one English horn, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, two bassoons, one contrabassoon, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, one bass trombone, timpani, percussion, glockenspiel, xylophone, bass xylophone, tubular bells, celesta, two harps, organ, first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses. Additionally, there are parts played onstage or backstage for two alto saxophones, six horns, three trombones, one bass trombone, wooden drum, and gong.
As with Madama Butterfly, Puccini strove for a semblance of Asian authenticity (at least to western ears) by using music from the region in question. Eight of the themes used in Turandot are based on traditional Chinese music.
Turandot in the media and events
- "Nessun Dorma"
- The famous aria "Nessun Dorma" was used in the following feature films: The Sum of All Fears, Chasing Liberty, No One Sleeps, The Killing Fields, Yes, Giorgio, Bend It Like Beckham, The Sea Inside and briefly in Man on Fire and The Island.
- It also appeared in one episode of the TV dramas Six Feet Under and House respectively.
- Was covered by Manowar in the album Warriors Of The World.
- Nessun Dorma was performed by Luciano Pavarotti as the anthem for the 1990 Soccer World Cup and consequently achieved pop status.
- Was used in a 1991 television commercial for Delta Air Lines.
- The opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics ended with the aria being sung by Luciano Pavarotti.
- In the same 2006 Winter Olympics, figure skater Shizuka Arakawa won the gold medal skating to "Nessun Dorma" from Violin Fantasy On Puccini's 'Turandot' by Vanessa Mae.
Notes
<references />
References and external links
See also
es:Turandot fr:Turandot it:Turandot ja:トゥーランドットTemplate:Link FA nl:Turandot pt:Turandot sr:Турандот (опера) fi:Turandot sv:Turandot zh:图兰多 Template:Link FA