United States Football League
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Image:UnitedStatesFootballLeague.png The United States Football League was a professional American football league that played three seasons between 1983 and 1985. In the process, the National Football League had its greatest competitor since the 1960s version of the American Football League.
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Organization
The USFL was the brainchild of David Dixon, a New Orleans entrepreneur who in the 1960s envisioned football as a possible spring and summer sport. In the early 1980s, Dixon gathered a group of owners from twelve cities and announced the league's launch on May 11, 1982, to begin play in 1983.
Franchise instability
While no teams folded during any season of the USFL, it was a close call in many cases, and some franchises folded before or after a season's play. The league experienced a great deal of franchise instability, relocation, and closure:
- During the 1983-1984 off-season:
- The Boston Breakers franchise, which was unable to gain access to Foxboro Stadium and had played the 1983 season in Boston University's small Nickerson Field, relocated to New Orleans.
- The owners of the Arizona Wranglers and Chicago Blitz franchises basically traded teams, with virtually all 1983 Arizona players playing in Chicago for 1984 and vice-versa.
- Needing fresh capital, the league expanded from 12 to 18 teams, adding the Pittsburgh Maulers, Houston Gamblers, San Antonio Gunslingers, Memphis Showboats, Oklahoma Outlaws and Jacksonville Bulls.
- During the 1984-1985 off-season:
- The Breakers moved a second time, this time to Portland, Oregon.
- The owner of the Los Angeles Express franchise went bankrupt, abandoning his franchise and putting the league's television contract with ABC in jeopardy.
- Upon the league's announcement that they would begin play in the fall of 1986, the league champion Philadelphia Stars announced they would relocate to Baltimore, Maryland for 1985.
- The league's 1983 champion Michigan Panthers would merge with the Oakland Invaders, as team owner Alfred Taubman did not wish to compete head-to-head with the NFL's Detroit Lions in 1986.
- The Washington Federals were relocated to Orlando, Florida where they would become the Orlando Renegades.
- The Arizona Wranglers (nee Chicago Blitz of 1983) would merge with the Oklahoma Outlaws, forming the Arizona Outlaws. The Outlaws had originally intended to merge with the Oakland Invaders, but an agreement between their owners couldn't be reached.
- The Pittsburgh Maulers, owned by billionaire shopping mall magnate Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. folded; and
- The Chicago Blitz (nee Arizona Wranglers of 1983) also folded. Eddie Einhorn was granted a new franchise for Chicago, but it was repeatedly announced that the team Einhorn had purchased was not the Blitz.
Competition vs. NFL
Competing by not competing
At first the USFL competed with the older, more established National Football League by trying not to compete directly with it, primarily by playing its games on a March-June schedule but also having different playing rules, most notably:
- The two-point conversion (since adopted by the NFL, in 1994).
- For the 1985 season, a method of challenging officials' rulings on the field via instant replay (using a system that is almost identical to that used by the NFL today).
Initially the league was viewed as innovative and a serious challenger to the establishment NFL thanks to its willingness to sign marquee talent such as Herschel Walker, Doug Flutie, Mike Rozier, Reggie White, Jim Kelly, Steve Young and other young stars of the day.
Spring vs. fall
In 1984, the league began discussing the possibility of competing head-to-head with the NFL by playing its games in the fall beginning in 1986. Despite the protests of many "old guard" owners within the league, who wanted to stay with the original plan of playing football in the spring months, the voices of New Jersey Generals owner Donald Trump and others would eventually prevail. On October 18, 1984, the league's owners voted to begin playing a fall season in 1986. However, the USFL would never play a fall game.
USFL v. NFL
In another effort to keep themselves afloat while at the same time attacking the more established National Football League, the USFL filed an anti-trust lawsuit against the older league, claiming it had established a monopoly with respect to television broadcasting rights, and in some cases to access of stadium venues.
Each NFL franchise was named as a co-defendant, with the exception of the then-Los Angeles Raiders; Raiders owner Al Davis was a major witness for the USFL. Howard Cosell was also a key witness for the USFL.
The case went to trial in the spring of 1986, and while the USFL won the battle—the court held that the NFL was a "duly adjudicated illegal monopoly"—it lost the war. The jury, unsure of how to proceed awarding damages and thinking the judge was empowered to award a greater amount, awarded the USFL nominal damages of $1.00, trebled under anti-trust law to $3.00.
Almost immediately upon announcement of the verdict, the USFL announced that it was suspending operations for the 1986 season, effectively marking the end of the USFL's existence. Players signed to contracts were free to sign with NFL (or other professional teams) immediately. Indeed, the NFL had held a draft in 1984 for teams to acquire the rights to USFL players, in the event of the league (or teams in the league) folding.
Despite the post-trial statements of several jurors indicating that they wished to award much greater sums to the USFL (one juror alone stated a $100 million award, trebled to $300 million, was what he thought appropriate), the USFL's appeal was rejected by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit in 1988. However, due to a provision of antitrust law which allows an "injured" party in an antitrust action to recover its attorney fees and costs of litigation, the USFL was awarded over $5.5 million in attorney fees and $62,220.92 in court costs. That award was appealed by the NFL; it was affirmed on appeal and ultimately allowed to stand by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990, long after the USFL had ceased operations.
Aftermath
Though the NFL would be loath to admit it during the remainder of the 1980s and 1990s, it is widely acknowledged that the USFL had a dramatic impact on the National Football League both on the field and off.
Almost all of the USFL's on-field innovations were eventually adopted by the older league, and a multitude of star players would go on to very successful careers in the NFL.
The NFL would also eventually have franchises in some of the markets where the USFL proved fertile or renewed interest in the game, including Arizona (the St. Louis Cardinals moving there in 1988), Baltimore (the Baltimore Ravens joining the league in 1996, with the original Cleveland Browns franchise having moved there), Jacksonville (the Jacksonville Jaguars being awarded as an expansion franchise for the 1995 season), and Tennessee (the Houston Oilers, before making Nashville their permanent home, spent a year in Memphis).
The final active players of the USFL are quarterback Doug Flutie of the New England Patriots and punter Sean Landeta of the Philadelphia Eagles.
Teams
- Arizona Outlaws (1985; result of Arizona/Oklahoma merger)
- Arizona Wranglers (1983, 1984; Arizona and Chicago owners traded franchises)
- Baltimore Stars (1985; moved from Philadelphia)
- Birmingham Stallions (1983-1985)
- Boston Breakers (1983)
- Chicago Blitz (1983, 1984; Arizona and Chicago owners traded franchises)
- Denver Gold (1983-1985)
- Houston Gamblers (1984-1985)
- Jacksonville Bulls (1984-1985)
- Los Angeles Express (1983-1985)
- Memphis Showboats (1984-1985)
- Michigan Panthers (1983-1984)
- New Jersey Generals (1983-1985)
- New Orleans Breakers (1984; moved from Boston)
- Oakland Invaders (1983-1985; merged with Michigan for 1985 season)
- Oklahoma Outlaws (1984)
- Orlando Renegades (1985)
- Philadelphia Stars (1983-1984)
- Pittsburgh Maulers (1984)
- Portland Breakers (1985; moved from New Orleans)
- San Antonio Gunslingers (1984-1985)
- Tampa Bay Bandits (1983-1985)
- Washington Federals (1983-1984)
In 1986
Prior to the jury award in USFL v. NFL, the league had planned to go forward with a 1986 season comprising eight teams, divided into a "Liberty Division" and an "Independence Division":
- Arizona Outlaws
- Baltimore Stars
- Birmingham Stallions
- Jacksonville Bulls (merged team of Jacksonville with Denver Gold)
- Memphis Showboats
- New Jersey Generals (merged team of New Jersey with Houston Gamblers)
- Orlando Renegades
- Tampa Bay Bandits
Championship games
| Date | Winning Team | Losing Team | Location | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 17, 1983 | Michigan Panthers | 24 | Philadelphia Stars | 22 | Mile High Stadium | Denver, Colorado |
| July 15, 1984 | Philadelphia Stars | 23 | Arizona Wranglers | 3 | Tampa Stadium | Tampa, Florida |
| July 14, 1985 | Baltimore Stars | 28 | Oakland Invaders | 24 | Giants Stadium | East Rutherford, New Jersey |
The 1986 championship game was to have been played in Jacksonville, Florida on February 1, 1987.
MVP Awards
1983: Kelvin Bryant, RB, Philadelphia Stars
1984: Jim Kelly, QB, Houston Gamblers
1985: Herschel Walker, RB, New Jersey Generals
Commissioners
- Chester R. "Chet" Simmons (1983-1984; resigned under pressure from owners)
- Harry L. Usher (1984-1989; league ceased operations)
Career Leaders
- Rushing Attempts: 1143 Herschel Walker
- Rushing Yards: 5562 Herschel Walker
- Rushing Touchdowns: 55 Herschel Walker
- Passing Attempts: 1352 John Reaves
- Passing Completions: 766 John Reaves
- Passing Yards: 10,039 Bobby Hebert
- Passing Touchdowns: 83 Jim Kelly
- Passing Interceptions: 57 Bobby Hebert