Tetragrammaton

References

Meaning

According to one Jewish tradition, the Tetragrammaton is related to the causative form, the imperfect state, of the Hebrew verb Template:Hebrew (ha·wah, "to be, to become"), meaning "He will cause to become" (usually understood as "He causes to become"). Compare the many Hebrew and Arabic personal names which are 3rd person singular imperfective verb forms starting with "y", e.g. Hebrew Yôsêph = Arabic Yazîd = "He [who] adds"; Hebrew Yiḥyeh = Arabic Yahyâ = "He [who] lives".

Another tradition regards the name as coming from three different verb forms sharing the same root YWH, the words HYH haya Template:Hebrew: "He was"; HWH howê Template:Hebrew: "He is"; and YHYH yihiyê Template:Hebrew: "He will be". This is supposed to show that God is timeless, as some have translated the name as "The Eternal One". Other interpretations include the name as meaning "I am the One Who Is." This can be seen in the traditional Jewish account of the "burning bush" commanding Moses to tell the sons of Israel that "I AM Template:Hebrew has sent you." (Exodus 3:13-14) Some suggest: "I AM the One I AM" Template:Hebrew, or "I AM whatever I need to become". This may also fit the interpretation as "He Causes to Become." Many scholars believe that the most proper meaning may be "He Brings Into Existence Whatever Exists" or "He who causes to exist".

The name YHWH was not always applied to a monotheistic God: see Asherah and other gods, Elohim (gods) and Yaw (god).

Transcription

Using consonants as semi-vowels

In Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written and the rest are written only ambiguously, as the vowel letters double as consonants (similar to the Latin use of V to indicate both U and V). See Matres lectionis for details. For similar reasons, an appearance of the Tetragrammaton in ancient Egyptian records of the 13th century BC sheds no light on the original pronunciation. ². Therefore it is, in general, difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling only, and the Tetragrammaton is a particular example: two of its letters can serve as vowels, and two are vocalic place-holders, which are not pronounced. Not surprisingly then, Josephus in Jewish Wars, chapter V, wrote, "…in which was engraven the sacred name: it consists of four vowels". In Greek, they are Ιαου, which comes out to Yau, since iota is used to represent semi-vocalic 'y' (and omicron+ypsilon="oo").

Further, Josephus's four vowels are confirmed by theophoric stems in personal names, always: Yaho/Yahu/Y:ho/Y:hu.[1] These yield in English Yau and Yao, which are pronounced the same. Once again, the heh is not pronounced here in Hebrew, but is used instead as a place holder. Moreover, Gnostic texts, such as those Marcion wrote, discuss the Judaic god extensively, and spell the Tetragrammaton in Greek, Ιαω, that is "Yao." Lastly, Levantine texts (including those from ancient Ugarit) render the Tetragrammaton Yaw, pronounced "Yau."[2]

Using the vowels of YHWH

Josephus wrote that the sacred name consisted of four vowels. Many sacred name ministries who believe that YHWH consists of four vowels pronounce these four vowels as "ee-ah-oo-eh" and believe that indicates God's name was either "Yahweh" or "Yahuweh". In what may be a coincidence, the Greek name "ιαουε" would have been pronounced "Yah-oo-eh". (Iota is used as both a vowel and a semi-vowel.)

Of course, early Hebrew had no written "vowels" as such — every letter of the Hebrew alphabet was primarily consonantal in function (see Matres lectionis).

Vowel marks

Image:Tetragrammaton-related-Masoretic-vowel-points.png

To make the reading of Hebrew easier, marks or points above and below the letters were added to the text by the Masoretes, to function as vowels. See Niqqud for details. Several manuscripts from the 7th century and on contain vowel marks over the Tetragrammaton. Unfortunately, these do not shed much light on the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. For example, the Leningrad codex contains six different variations on the vowel marks of the Tetragrammaton.

An added problem is that the diacritical vowel marks on the Tetragrammaton may have served a purpose other than indicating the pronunciation. When the text is read out loud by Jews, the Tetragrammaton is replaced by the word Adonai ("my Lord(s)"), Elohim ("God(s)"), Hashem ("the name"), or Elokim (no meaning), depending on circumstances (see Jewish use of the word below). Since someone reading the text aloud might inadvertently pronounce the name, the diacritical vowels of Adonai or Elohim are normally printed with the consonant letters of the Tetragrammaton, to remind the reader to make the change, so the text contains the letters YHWH interlaced with the vowel marks of Adonai/Elohim (a masoretic device known as Q're perpetuum which was also applied in a number of other cases, such as giving the spelling הוא in the Pentateuch an "i" vowel diacritic to indicate that sometimes it should be pronounced as a feminine pronoun hi, rather than a masculine pronoun hu). This is the case in modern editions of the Hebrew Bible, and also explains a number of medieval codices. In other words, these marks do not and were never intended to explain how to pronounce the Tetragrammaton.

In particular, there is a possible explanation of the vowel marks on the Tetragrammaton in the Ben Chayim codex of 1525 (see its importance below). It is worth noting that the aleph in Adonai has a hataf-patah (pronounced "ah" in Modern Hebrew) under it while the yod in the Tetragrammaton has a sheva (pronounced as a very short "eh" in Modern Hebrew). This can be explained by rules of Hebrew grammar, which forbid a sheva under an aleph, although this explanation is not entirely satisfactory.

Sir Godfry Driver wrote: "The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouah in A.D. 1530 in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles." The English transcription "Iehovah", is found in the 1611 edition of the King James Bible, and during the 1762-1769 edit of the KJV, the spelling "Iehovah" was changed to "Jehovah" (in accordance with the general differentiation of I/J and U/V into separate letters which developed over the course of the 17th century in English). Thus began a period where the word was rendered: "Jehovah". The Jerusalem Bible (1966) uses Yahweh exclusively.

Transcription in other languages

Table of different language transcriptions of the tetragrammaton. (If the native language uses non-European characters or pictographic symbols, the table shows the common English/European transliteration of the target language script, together with the tetragrammaton in the native font if available):

Yahweh

19th Century scholars disputed the vowel points of "Template:Hebrew"

Wilhelm Gesenius [1786-1842], who is noted for being one of the greatest Hebrew and biblical scholars, ³ wrote a Hebrew Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament which was first translated into English in 1824. ⁴ In the first half of the 19th century, Wilhelm Gesenius, as well as many other scholars, believed that the Medieval vowel points of "Template:Hebrew" were not the actual vowel points of God’s name.

Wilhelm Gesenius Punctuated YHWH as "Template:Hebrew" (i.e. Yahweh)

Image:YHWH.pngIn Smith's " A Dictionary of the Bible" [published in 1863] William Smith notes ⁵ that Wilhelm Gesenius punctuated YHWH as "Template:Hebrew" (see image to the right)

This vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton "Template:Hebrew" ( i.e. Yahweh ), is sometimes referred to as a "Scholarly Reconstruction" and is believed to have been based in large part on various Greek transcriptions, such as (ιαουε—iaoue and ιαουαι—iaouai and ιαβε—Iabe) dating from the first centuries AD.

Particularly cited is Clement of Alexandria's spelling of the Tetragrammaton in his Greek Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34, however variants exist in extant copies of Clement of Alexandria's Greek Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34.

Some copies [or editions] of Clement's Greek Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34 preserve "Iaoue",
while other copies [or editions] of Clement's Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34 preserve "Iaou".

Many Pre 20th century editions of Stromata Book V. Ch. 6 preserve "Iaou"

Between the 11th Century A.D. and the late 1800's many scholarly sources noted that "Iaou", not "Iaoue" was preserved in extant copies of Clement's Greek Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:

The editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1910-11 state that "Iaou" not "Iaoue" is found at Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34 in the 11th century Greek Codex Laurentianus V 3.⁶

In the article "Jehovah ( Yahweh )",

under the heading:"To take up the ancient writers",

the Editors of The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 write:

"Clement of Alexandria ( "Strom.", V, 6, in P.G., IX, col. 60 ), Jaou;"

Note

"P.G., IX" is volume IX of Migne's Patrologia Graeca, written in the 1860's

Column 60 of Migne's P.G. IX contains Clement of Alexandria's Stromata Book V. Chapter 6

"Jaou", in Latin, represents the Greek spelling "ιαου".

In Smith's 1863 " A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith also states that Clement of Alexandria wrote "Iαου" and not "Iαουε" in Stromata Book v.⁷

20th century editions of Stromata Book V. Ch. 6 preserve "Iaoue"

Gerard Gertoux provides scholarly 20th century evidence that Clement of Alexandria wrote "Iaoue" and not "Iaou" at Stromata Book V, chapter VI:34-35

A critical edition of the text of Clement of Alexandria which was written in 1981, is:

(A. le Boulluec - /Les Stromates V, VI:34,5/ in:

Sources chrétiennes n°278, Paris 1981 Ed Cerf pp. 80,81).

On page 105 of his book:

The name of God

Y.EH.OW.AH

which is pronounced

as it is written

I_EH_OU_AH

Gerard Gertoux shows a table that indicates that Clement of Alexandria is the author of the Greek name "Iaoue". Gerard Gertoux references the above 1981 critical edition of the writings of Clement of Alexandria as his evidence that Clement wrote "Iaoue"

Professor Anson F. Rainey, of Tel-Aviv University in Israel, writes:

Clement of Alexandria said "The mystic name which is called the tetragram­maton … is pronounced Iaoue, which means ‘Who is, and who shall be.’ "

The Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. II's English translation of Clement of Alexandria's Greek Stromata, Book V. Chapter 6:34 reads:

"Further, the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the adytum was accessible, is called Jave, which is interpreted, ' Who is and shall be.'

The name of God, too, among the Greeks contains four letters."<ref>scroll down to the 5th paragraph. The quoted text begins immediately after Footnote # 81</ref>

As noted above, the Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. II translator wrote "Jave" in his translation of Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34, however, as mentioned above, questions have been raised about whether Clement of Alexandria used "ιαουε" or "ιαου" in the underlying Greek. - see Iaoue.

"Yahweh" is thought to be an accurate Greek to English transliteration of "ιαουε" and "Jave" is thought to be an acceptable translation of "ιαουε".

"Template:Hebrew" may have represented "Iαβε"

In Smith's 1863 " A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith supposes that "Template:Hebrew" was represented by the "Iαβε" of Epiphanius and not by the "Iαου" of Clement of Alexandria.⁸

The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 says: Inserting the vowels of Jabe [e.g. Latin form of Iabe] into the Hebrew consonant text, we obtain the form Jahveh (Yahweh), which has been generally accepted by modern scholars as the true pronunciation of the Divine name;⁹.

A possible "broad" transcription of this in terms of IPA symbols is Template:IPA.

Scholarly sources in which "Template:Hebrew" is found

Smith's 1863 A.D. A Dictionary of the Bible

In Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith does not consider "Template:Hebrew" to be the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton which he is aware of.

However, although "Template:Hebrew" was not the only scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton that appeared in scholarly sources in the 19th century, it gradually became accepted as the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton.

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 A.D.

The editors of the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 recognize that "Template:Hebrew" is spelled "Yahweh" in English, but "Template:Hebrew" is only one of two vocalized Hebrew spellings, that they believe might have been the original pronunciation of YHWH.
"Template:Hebrew" is found in the online Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906, under the article: "NAMES OF GOD" and under the article sub heading: "YHWH".¹⁰

The early 1900's Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament write "Template:Hebrew" under the heading "Template:Hebrew", and describes "Template:Hebrew" as:

"n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel."

Despite the work at reconstruction, it is still impossible to say with certainty how the name was originally pronounced, and discussion continues among scholars.

Arguments based on possible interpretations, and on analogies with other Hebrew words, such as hallelujah, have also been introduced to support "Yahweh".

Criticism of the name "Yahweh"

In Biblical Archaeology Review, reference is made to the fact that a two-syllable pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton as "Yahweh" would not allow for the o vowel sound to exist as part of God’s name. Thus the article stated:

"When the Tetragrammaton was pronounced in one syllable it was ‘Yah’ or ‘Yo.’ When it was pronounced in three syllables it would have been ‘Yahowah’ or ‘Yahoowah.’ If it was ever abbreviated to two syllables it would have been ‘Yaho.’"<ref> BAR 21.2 (March-April 1995),31 George W. Buchanan, "How God’s Name Was Pronounced" </ref>

See some links below.

Jewish use of the word

In Judaism, pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is a taboo; it is widely considered forbidden to utter it and the pronunciation of the name is generally avoided. Usually, Adonai is used as a substitute in prayers or readings from the Torah. When used in everyday speaking (or according to many) in learning the Tetragrammaton is replaced by HaShem. The difference is marked by the vowelization in printed Bibles—the Tetragrammaton takes on the vowels of the word whose pronunciation it takes. Torah scrolls have no diacritical vowel marks, and therefore the reader must memorize the correct pronunciation for each instance of the Tetragrammaton (as for every word he reads).

According to rabbinic tradition, the name was pronounced by the high priest on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement as well as the only day when the Holy of Holies of the Temple would be entered. With the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70, this use also vanished, also explaining the loss of the correct pronunciation.

Image:Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png

There is a Jewish tradition that the actual name of God, only known to and stated by the high priest, was actually 72 letters long. The name was written out on a long strip of parchment, then folded and slipped inside the fold of the high priest's bejeweled breastplate. When someone would ask the high priest a question of Torah, or Jewish law, the high priest could invoke the Name, wherein the 12 jewels, representing the 12 tribes of the Israelites, would light up in a certain order whose meaning was, too, only known to the high priest. Through the power of the 72-letter name of God, the high priest communed, as it were, with the Almighty.

Why 72 letters? The answer may be found in the medieval rabbinic use of Gematria, that is assigning a number to each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, allowing scholars to attribute numeric sums to words, find equivalencies in certain words, even use sums to try to predict a year and date for the coming of the Messiah. Even today, Jews often attribute mystical significance to the number 18, which has a possible Hebrew letter equivalent in the word "Chai", meaning "Life". Using "Gematria", we find that "Chai" equals 18: it's composed of the letter "chet", which equals 8, and the letter "yod", which equals 10, i.e. 8+10=18; consequently 18x4=72, so, in a sense, each letter of the 4-letter form of the Name represents a metaphoric symbol of the living power of God. Also, when the letters of the Tetragrammaton are arranged in a Kabbalistic tetractys formation, the sum of all the letters is 72 by Gematria (as shown in the diagram). Keeping along these lines, the Tetragrammaton, since it's only an abbreviation of the actual name, is not as powerful by nature (or supernature) as the original full name of God, though it's still not something to use in vain.

When most religious Jews refer to the name of God in conversation or in a non-textual context such as in a book, newspaper or letter, they call the name HaShem, which means "the Name." Similarly, the word Elohim is prononuced "Elokim" outside of certain religious contexts when it refers to God, and likewise for a few other names of God. When any such word is used to refer to anything but God (e.g., HaShem), it is pronounced as normal by even the most traditionalist Jews.

A number of modern translations of the Hebrew Bible and of Jewish liturgy render the Tetragrammaton as "the ETERNAL" (emphasized or all caps), because it is gender-neutral (unlike "The Lord"). The Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton are the only ones required to write the Hebrew sentence "haya, hove, ve-yiheyeh" (He was, He is, and He shall be), hence "Eternal."

Possible effect on the Hebrew Language

Other Semitic Languages, including Arabic and Ugaritic, use a vocative particle ya, roughly corresponding to English "O." Ya Allah = "O God!" The absence of this common vocative in Hebrew may perhaps be attributed to the taboo on pronouncing Yah - an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton.

Alternative names

In an analogue to the euphemism HaShem for God, the euphemism HaShem HaMeforash (literally, the explicit name) is sometimes used to refer to the Tetragrammaton.

Another name, four-letter word, has lost its popularity for obvious reasons. Some people refer to the Tetragrammaton as Hebrew word #3068 after the numbering in James Strong's concordance. See also The name of God in Judaism.

Possible origins

A common suggestion, as articulated by biblical scholar Mark S. Smith in The Origins of Biblical Monotheism, is that the Israelite Yahweh was derived from the traditions of the Shasu, linguistically Canaanite nomads from southern transjordan. An Egyptian inscription from the Temple of Amun at Karnak from the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BCE) refers to the "Shasu of Yhw," evidence that this god was worshipped among some of the Shasu tribes at this time. Biblical archaeologist Amihai Mazar, in Archaeology of the Land of the Bible Volume I, suggests that the association of Yahweh with the desert may be the product of his origins in the dry lands to the south of Israel. Egyptologist Donald Redford, in Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, suggests that the Israelites themselves may have been a group of Shasu who moved northward into Canaan in the 13th century BCE, appearing for the first time in the stele of Merenptah, and as Israel Finkelstein has shown in The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts settled the Samarian and Judean hills at this time.

Even earlier there are signs that Yahweh was worshipped as Yah at Ebla (2,350 BCE) and as Yaw at Ugarit (1800-1200 BCE), where he was one of the Elohim (Canaanite 'lhm) - the sons of El.

Likewise, Jean Bottero in Mesopotamia:Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods, suggests that Yah was the West Semitic version of the Akkadian God of Wisdom Ea, a name derived from the Sumerian E=house, A=water, a title given to the Sumerian God Enki. Yah and Ea were pronounced alike. Yahweh, like Ea was the creator of humankind, who saved the flood hero (Noah / Utnapishtim) from the flood.

Van der Toorn's article "Yahweh" in the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible notes that, although a wide range of opinions have been presented, no clear etymology for the tetragrammaton presents itself.

Hebraist Joel M. Hoffman, in Chapter 4 of In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language, argues that the Tetragrammaton was purposely composed only and entirely of matres lectiones. (See also Elohim.)

Popular culture

Image:Tetragrammaton Paris StMichele.JPG

Art

• A crucified Jesus below a radiant Tetragrammaton is found in the church of St. Marri at Paris, near the Centre Pompidou.

Films

• In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Indiana Jones must cross a room of lettered tiles. To step on the wrong letter would trigger a deadly trap. An ancient Latin manuscript provides a clue to safe passage: he must walk in a sequence that will spell out "the name of God." He remembers not a moment too soon that "in the Latin alphabet, 'Jehovah' begins with an 'I'".
• In Equilibrium, a dystopic view of the future in which the government mandates that all individuals take psychiatric medications to suppress feeling, the agency responsible for policing the state is known as the Tetragrammaton.
• In Pi, a group of kabbalistic Jews looking for the true name of God enlist the help of a mathematician to analyze the Torah.
• In Monty Python's Life of Brian, a man is persecuted for saying out loud the name of God ("I only said that this bit of halibut was good enough for Jehovah!"). The accuser then accidentally lets this "blasphemy" slip out and is himself stoned.
• In Bruce Almighty, Yahweh! is the name given to Bruce's computerized tool for sorting prayers to answer, parodying popular search engine Yahoo!.
• In Ghoulies, the phrase "yod hay vav hay" is said to summon up the evil spirits that ultimately become the ghoulies.

Literature

• The Tetragrammaton features extensively in Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco, and in short stories such as "Death and the Compass" by Jorge Luis Borges.
• In Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe, the "real" pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is rendered as "Yahu-Wahu". (The "evidence" for this is that the cartoon character representing the author is struck by lightning while speculating whether the original pronunciation of YHWH is "Yehowah [Jehovah], Yahweh, or even Yahu-Wahu". Later in the book, Israelites are shown attacking a Canaanite city while uttering the war cry "Yahoo! Wahoo!").
• In Poul Anderson's Operation Chaos, a sort of alternate history in which magic and religion have objective reality and scientific status, the Tetragrammaton is used as the insignia of United States Army Intelligence units.
• In the book All Hallow's Eve by Charles Williams, the dark magician Simon the Clerk uses an ultra-powerful spell of destruction or dissolution called the Anti-Tetragrammaton.
• In the work of Nikos Kazantzakis "The Last Temptation of Christ", in the form "Jehovah".
• In Philip K. Dick's novel Eye in the Sky, the eponymous Eye belongs to a god referred to as "(Tetragrammaton)".

Music

• Yahweh is the closing track on U2's 2004 album How To Dismantle An Atomic Bomb.
• A Mexican idea of what 'Yahweh' means: "Yo soy quien soy y no me parezco a nadie" = "I am who am I and I do not look like anybody" (from a popular song).
• ApologetiX, a Christian parody band, wrote a parody of YMCA entitled YHWH

Games

• A popular RPG series in Japan by Atlus called Shin Megami Tensei features a representation of YHVH in its Super Nintendo games Shin Megami Tensei and Shin Megami Tensei II.
• In the cult-classic RPG Xenogears the game's main villain, the false god "Deus," is an extremely powerful biological weapon which is the key part to the "Yaweh" planetary invasion system.
• The entity Jenova's name in Final Fantasy VII is derived from Jehova. Her name is said to be a blend of Jehova and nova literaly meaning "New God", which is exactly what she and her "son" Sephiroth are trying to become in the game.

See also

Other articles relating to the Tetragrammaton:

• Adonai
• Ancient of Days
• -ihah
• Jah
• Jehovah
• El (god)
• Elohim
• I am that I am
• INRI

Other:

• Iaoue — the story of one Greek transliteration of the Tetragrammaton
• Names of God in Judaism
• Rael - claims to have met Yahweh Elohim during a UFO encounter in 1973.
• Yaw

References

Footnotes

1. Galatin, Peter - De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis, 1518, folio xliii

2. See pages 128 and 236 of the book "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by archeologist William G. Dever, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 2003.

3.Wilhelm Gesenius is noted for being one of the greatest Hebrew and biblical scholars.

4. Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebrew Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament was first translated into English in 1824,

5. Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible"

6. Encyclopedia Britannica of 1910-1911 Page 312

7.Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible": Clement of Alexandria wrote "Iaou" not "Iaoue" at Stromata Book V.

8. Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible": Yahweh supposed to have been derived from Samaritan "IaBe"

9. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 under the sub-heading: To take up the ancient writers

10. The online Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906

External links

• Arbel, Ilil. "Yahweh." Encyclopedia Mythica. 2004.
• "Jehovah." Easton's Bible Dictionary (3rd ed.) 1887.
• "Jehovah (Yahweh)." Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8. 1910.
• Jewish Encyclopedia count of number of times the Tetragrammation is used
• Nazarenes and the Name of YHWH, an article by James Trimm
• The Historical Evolution of the Hebrew God
• The Rise of God
• The Sacred Name Yahweh, a publication by Qadesh La Yahweh Press
• Biblaridion magazine: Phanerosis Theology: The Tetragrammaton and God's manifestation.
• HaVaYaH the Tetragrammation in the Jewish Knowledge Base on chabad.org
• [jehovah.125mb.com] - Discusses the divine name in the New Testament, Bible issues, history ot the divine name.ast:Xehová