Vistula

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For other uses, see Vistula (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox river

The Vistula (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 kilometers (678 miles) long and drains an area of 194,424 km² (75,067 sq. miles), of which 168,699 km² (65,135 sq. miles) lies within Poland (over half the area of the country) [1].

The Vistula has its source in the south of the country, at Barania Góra (1220 m high) in the Beskidy Mountains where it starts with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Świecie, Tczew and Gdańsk. With a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa) it empties into the Vistula Lagoon and Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea.

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History

It is not known whether the name Vistula is Indo-European or pre-Indo-European. (-ila, -ula etc are ancient Germanic diminutive endings, such as in Atta - father, Att - ila, dear or little father. The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which we know as the Baltic Sea. From all the sources one can deduce that near the delta lived the tribes of the Suebi and Burgundians, and on both banks the Goths (see also Gothiscandza, Willenberg/Wielbark culture) and Oxhoeft culture. The Goths, at least, spoke East Germanic. East of them or possibly in their domain were the Aestians, Galindians, Sudovians, Borusci, Veneti, and more. A people on the eastern part of the Mare Suebicum were the Fenni.

Image:Modlin spichlerz.png

However, Tacitus' knowledge of the different peoples was second-hand at best; its accuracy is recently sometimes questioned. He also used the term "Germans" for describing people that probably did not speak Germanic, for example when describing Wenets (Veneds, Venets), Peucyns and Fenns he wrote, that he isn't sure if he should call them Germans, since they have settlements and they fight on foot, or rather Sarmats since they have some similar customs to them.

Ptolemy also records the tribes around the Vistula River, which he regards as the border between Germany and Sarmatia. He uses the Greek spelling, "Ouistoula". Other ancient sources spell it "Istula". Pomponius Mela refers to the "Visula" (Book 3) and Ammianus Marcellinus to the "Bisula" (Book 22), both of which names lack the -t-. The definitive reference is probably Jordanes (Getica 5 & 17), who uses "Viscla". The Anglo-Saxon poem Widsith refers to it as the "Wistla".

The Vistula river used to be connected to the Dnieper River, and thence to the Black Sea. The Baltic Sea-Vistula-Dnieper-Black Sea water route was one of the most ancient trade-routes, the Amber Road, on which amber and other items were traded from Northern Europe to Greece, Asia, Egypt, and elsewhere.

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Navigation

The Vistula is navigable, but over large parts of its course the standards do not entirely meet the requirements of modern inland navigation. From the Baltic Sea to Bydgoszcz (where the Bydgoszcz or Bromberg canal connects to the river) the Vistula can accommodate modest river vessels of CEMT class II. Further upstream the river does not have enough depth to allow river barges to navigate.

Upstream of Warsaw, a project was undertaken to enlarge the capacity of the river by the building of a number of locks in the Cracow area; this project was never prolongued further downstream, so that the navigability of the Vistula remains problematic. The potential of the river in the decades to come would increase considerably if a restoration of the East-West connection via the Narew - Bug - Mukhovets - Pripyat - Dnjepr waterways would be considered. The shifting economic importance parts of Europe may make this option interesting. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways Database)

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Towns and tributaries

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Towns and tributaries

Biała Wisełka

Vistula valley east of Toruń

Vistula flooding south of Warsaw, 2004

Bridge across the Vistula in Płock

Vistula

Town Tributaries Remarks
Wisła river source
Ustroń
Skoczów Brennica
Strumień Krajka
Goczałkowice-Zdrój
Czechowice-Dziedzice Biała-Wisełka
Brzeszcze
Oświęcim Soła
Zator Skawa
Skawina Skawinka
Kraków (Cracow) Sanka, Rudawka, Prądnik, Dłubnia, Wilga most are canalized streams
Niepołomice
Nowe Brzesko
Nowy Korczyn Nida
Szczucin
Połaniec Czarna
Baranów Sandomierski Babolówka
Tarnobrzeg
Sandomierz Koprzywianka, Trzesniówka
Zawichost
Annopol Sanna
Józefów nad Wisłą
Solec nad Wisłą
Kazimierz Dolny Bystra
Puławy Kurówka
Dęblin Wieprz
Magnuszew
Wilga Wilga
Góra Kalwaria Czarna
Karczew
Otwock, Józefów Świder
Konstancin-Jeziorna Jeziorka
Warsaw Żerań canal several other minor streams
Łomianki
Legionowo
Modlin Narew
Zakroczym
Czerwińsk nad Wisłą
Wyszogród Bzura
Płock Słupianka, Brzeźnica
Dobrzyń nad Wisłą
Włocławek Zgłowiączka
Nieszawa Mień
Ciechocinek
Toruń Drwęca, Bacha
Solec Kujawski
Bydgoszcz Brda canalized
Chełmno
Świecie Wda
Grudziądz
Nowe
Gniew Wierzyca


Near Kwidzyń Vistula is divided onto two separate branches
that constitute the river delta
Nogat Leniwka
Town Tributaries Remarks Town Tributaries Remarks
Sztum Tczew
Malbork Gdańsk Motława, Radunia, Potok Oliwski in the city the river is divided onto several separate branches that reach the Baltic Sea at different points, the main branch reaches the sea at Westerplatte
Elbląg Elbląg shortly before reaching the Vistula Bay



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Right tributaries

Image:CzarnyStawZakopane.jpg Image:Krakau05.jpg Image:Warszawa-pano.jpg Image:Weichsel in Graudenz.jpg Image:Marienburg 2004 Panorama.jpg Image:Gdańsk Ratusz Głównego Miasta.jpg List of right tributaries with a nearby city

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Left tributaries

List of left tributaries with a nearby city

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See also

da:Weichsel (flod) de:Weichsel et:Wisła es:Vístula fr:Vistule hr:Visla it:Vistola he:ויסלה la:Vistula lv:Visla lt:Vysla hu:Visztula nl:Wisła ja:ヴィスワ川 no:Wisła pl:Wisła pt:Rio Vístula ru:Висла (река) sq:Visla fi:Veiksel sv:Wisła uk:Вісла zh:維斯拉河

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