List of invasive species

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This is a list of invasive species by country or region. A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not native), becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location without further intervention by humans, and becomes a pest in the new location, threatening the local biodiversity.

The term invasive species refers to a subset of those species defined as introduced species, for which see List of introduced species.

Contents 1 Africa 1.1 Southern Africa 1.1.1 Plants 2 Australia 2.1 Plants 2.2 Birds and mammals 2.3 Amphibians 2.4 Insects 2.5 Aquatic invertebrates 2.6 Fungi and pathogens 3 Europe 3.1 Plants 3.2 Invertebrates 3.3 Aquatic invertebrates 3.4 Birds and mammals 3.5 Pathogens 4 New Zealand 4.1 Plants 4.2 Mammals 4.3 Fish 5 North America 5.1 Plants 5.2 Insects 5.3 Fish 5.4 Reptiles and amphibians 5.5 Aquatic invertebrates 5.6 Birds and mammals 5.7 Pathogens 5.8 Others 6 Hawaii 6.1 Insects

Africa

Southern Africa

Plants

• Australian wattles (Acacia species)
• Bramble (Rubus spp.)
• Bugweed (Solanum mauritianum)
• Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
• Gum trees (Eucalyptus species)
• Hakea (Hakea species)
• Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta)
• Lantana (Lantana camara)
• Mauritius Thorn (Caesalpinia decapetala)
• Mesquite (Prosopis species)
• Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana)
• Parrot's Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)
• Pereskia (Pereskia aculeata)
• Pine (Pinus species)
• Prickly Pear (Opuntia)
• Queen of the Night Cactus (Cereus jamacaru)
• Syringa (Melia azedarach)
• Triffid weed (Chromolaena odorata)
• Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Australia

• See main article Invasive species in Australia

Plants

• African mustard (Brassica tournefortii)
• Alligator apple (Annona glabra)
• Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
• Asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus)
• Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera)
• Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus)
• Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens)
• Giant cane (Arundo donax)
• Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
• Lantana (Lantana camara)
• Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia)
• Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
• Patterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum)
• Shoebutton Ardisia (Ardisia elliptica)
• Sweet Acacia (Acacia farnesiana)
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• Wild Tobacco (Solanum mauritianum)

Birds and mammals

• Rabbit (Oryctolagus cunicularis)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Feral cat (Felis silvestris catus)
• Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis)
• Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)
• Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• Goat (Capra hircus)
• African Wild Ass (Equus asinus)
• House mouse (Mus musculus)
• Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans)

Amphibians

• Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)

Insects

• Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile)
• Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
• Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros)
• Crazy Ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes)
• Killer Bee (Apis mellifera scutellata)
• Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)
• Sweet Potato Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
• Elm Leaf Beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola)

Aquatic invertebrates

• Japanese starfish (Asterias amurensis)

Fungi and pathogens

• Frog chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)

Europe

Plants

• desert false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa)
• Hottentot Fig (Carpobrotus edulis)
• grape caulerpa (Caulerpa racemosa)
• caulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia); usually referring to the Mediterranean clone (1)
• Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis)
• Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)
• Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
• Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)
• Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
• rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum)
• Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus); in Scandinavia
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

Invertebrates

• Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
• New Zealand Flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus)

Aquatic invertebrates

• Red king crab; spreading south from northwest Russia
• American jack-knife clam (Ensis directus)
• American lobster, (Homarus americanus) in Scandinavian waters
• Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha); problem in Swedish lake Mälaren

Birds and mammals

• Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
• House Mouse (Mus musculus)
• American Mink (Mustela vison)
• Coypu (Myocastor coypus)
• Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
• Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
• Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
• Black Rat (Rattus rattus)
• Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

Pathogens

• Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)

New Zealand

See main article: Invasive species in New Zealand

Plants

• Boneseed
• Broom
• Gorse
• Heather
• Kahili Ginger
• Old man's beard
• Pampas Grass
• Ragwort
• Wandering Jew

Mammals

• Possum
• Rabbit
• Rat
• House mouse
• Stoat
• Ferret
• Hedgehog

Fish

• Grass carp

North America

Plants

• Air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)
• Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia)
• Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
• Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)
• Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa)
• Caulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia); usually referring to the Mediterranean clone
• Camphor tree (Cinnamomum Camphora)
• Carolina horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
• Chinaberry (Melia azedarach)
• Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)
• Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum)
• cogon grass (Imperata cylindrical)
• Common broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Common reed (Phragmites australis; also native, but European subspecies invasive 1)
• Cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium)
• Coral ardisia (Ardisia crenata)
• Curly-leaf pondweed
• Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)
• Dog-strangling vine
• Downy brome, Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)
• Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
• Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus)
• Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
• Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
• Giant reed (Arundo donax)
• Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
• Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
• Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
• Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
• Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum)
• Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)
• Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
• Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia)
• Mile-a-minute weed (Polygonum perfoliatum)
• Mimosa (Mimosa pudica)
• Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
• Musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
• Natal grass (Rhynchelytrum repens)
• Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum)
• Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)
• Pampas Grass (Cortaderia selloana)
• Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
• Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)
• Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
• Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)
• Silk-tree (Albizia julibrissin)
• Skunk vine (Paederia foetida)
• Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; invasive mainly on the West Coast)
• Spotted knapweed (Centaurea beibersteinii)
• Torpedo grass (Panicum repens)
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum)
• Water caltrop (Trapa natans)
• Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
• Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
• Wild taro(Colocasia esculenta)
• Yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Insects

• Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)
• Argentine Ant (Iridomyrmex humilis)
• Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis)
• Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)
• Cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
• Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)
• European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)
• Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus)
• Glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata)
• Hemlock Woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)
• Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica)
• Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)
• Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)

Fish

• Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
• Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus)
• Bighead carp
• Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)
• Flathead catfish (Pylodictus olivaris)
• Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes
• Northern Snakehead (Channa argus)
• Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus)

Reptiles and amphibians

• Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)
• Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)
• Cane toad (Bufo marinus)

Aquatic invertebrates

• European green crab (Carcinus maenas)
• Veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa)
• Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
• Chinese mitten crab (also known as the Shanghai hairy crab)

Birds and mammals

• Coypu or Nutria (Myocastor coypus)
• European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)
• Mute Swan
• Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)

Pathogens

• Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)
• Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)
• Exotic Newcastle disease (Paramyxovirus)
• Fowlpox (Avipoxvirus)
• Plum pox (Potyviruses: Potyviridae)
• Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae)
• Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)
• West Nile virus (Flavivirus)
• Whirling Disease (Myxobolus cerebralis)

Others

• earthworms, several species (lumbricid)

Hawaii

Insects

• Quadratichus erythrinae, a parasitic wasp on the wiliwili
• Pristomerus hawaiiensis, Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) and Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae), Diadegma blackburni, another ichneumonid - previously introduced as biocontrol agents

(http://www.hawaii.edu/scb/docs/library/1998_abstracts.htm)fr:Liste des risques écologiques

nl:Lijst_van_invasieve_soorten