Ruki
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Ruki is the term for a sound law in the Satem group, especially Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian:
- s > š / r, u, K, i _
i.e. a sibilant [s] is retracted to [[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|Template:IPA]]] after i,u,r, and after velars (i.e. k which may have developed from earlier k, g, gh). Due to the character of the retraction, it was probably an apical sibilant (as in Spanish), rather than the dorsal of English. The first phase - s > š seems to be universal, the later retroflexion (in Sanskrit and probably in Proto-Slavic as well) is due to levelling of the sibilant system, and so is the third phase - the retraction to velar [x] in Slavic and also in some Middle Indian languages, with parallels in e.g. Spanish. This rule was first formulated for the Indo-European by Holger Pedersen, and it is known sometimes as Pedersen law.
The name of the term comes from the sounds which cause the phonetic change. It associates with a Russian word which means 'hands' or 'arms'.
The rule was formulated for Sanskrit first. Next it was proposed to be valid for all Satem languages. In fact, it functions unexceptionally only in Indo-Iranian languages. In Baltic and Albanian it is less or more limited or affected by other sound laws, in such or another way. Never the less, it has to have been universal in these branches of the IE languages, and the lack of i.e. Slavic reflexes before consonants is rather due to merger of these with the reflexes of other sibilants.
In Slavic languages the process is regular before a vowel but it does not take place before consonants. The final result is the velar fricative x which is even more retracted than š. This velar fricative changed back into š before a front vowel and j.
In Indo-Iranian *r and *l merged, and the change worked even after the new sound. This has been an argument for many scholars for the later influence of Iranian languages on Proto-Slavic. There are obvious drawbacks in the theory - the two sounds must have been very close (r/l), so that both could have triggered the change in Indo-Iranian, and what's more, there are no real examples of this change working in Slavic, and it is also doubtful, that only this change (ruki) and no other such change of sibilants (e.g. s > h) was borrowed into Slavic.