Boeing 777
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The Boeing 777 is a family of long range widebody twin engine airliners built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It carries between 305 and 550 passengers and has a range from 5,210 to 9,420 nautical miles (10,370 to 17,445 km). The first flight of the 777 was in 1994. Its direct competitors are the Airbus A330 and A340.
Distinguishing features of the 777 include the set of six wheels on each main landing gear, its perfectly circular fuselage cross section, and the blade-like rear tailcone. Image:FGSPC.jpg
Contents |
History
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In the 1970s, Boeing unveiled new models: the twin-engine 757 to replace the venerable 727, the twin-engine 767 to challenge the Airbus A300, and a trijet 777 to compete with the DC-10 and the Lockheed TriStar.
Based on a re-winged 767 design, the 275 seat 777 was to be offered in two variants: a 5,000 km (2,700 nm) transcontinental and an 8,000 km (4,320 nm) intercontinental.
The twinjets were a big success, due in part to the 1980s ETOPS regulations. The launch of the 777 was cancelled (much like the trijet concept of the Boeing 757) in part because of the complexities of trijet design and the absence of a 40,000 lbf (178 kN) engine. The cancellation left Boeing with a big size and range gap in its product line between the 767-300ER and the 747-400. The DC-10 and Lockheed Tristar, being of 1960s design, were also ripe for replacement. In the meantime, Airbus developed the A330 and A340 to fulfill that requirement and compete with Boeing.
The initial proposal from Boeing was simply to enlarge the 767, resulting in the 767-X concept. It was similar to a 767 but with a longer fuselage and larger wings seating about 340 passengers and with a maximum range of 7,300 nautical miles (13,500 km).
The airlines were unimpressed with the 767-X. They wanted short to intercontinental range capability, cabin cross section similar to the 747, a fully flexible cabin configuration and an operating cost lower than any 767 stretch. The result was a new design: the 777 twinjet.
The design phase of the 777 differed from previous Boeing jetliners. For the first time, the airlines and their passengers had a role in the development of the plane. The major airlines consulted were United Airlines, ANA, British Airways, JAL, QANTAS, and Cathay Pacific. The "Working Together" philosophy, as Boeing called it, meant that the 777 was their most customer oriented aircraft yet.
The 777 was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely on computer. No paper drawings were ever produced; everything was created on a 3D CAD software system known as CATIA. This allowed a virtual 777 to be assembled in simulation, allowing engineers to examine for interferences, and to test if the many thousands of parts would fit together properly before costly physical prototypes were manufactured.
Singapore Airlines is currently the largest operator of the Boeing 777 family with 61 in service, of which 46 are of the 777-200ER variant and 12 are 777-300s. A further 19 777-300ERs are on firm order, with 13 more on options.
At the end of February 2006, 44 different customers had placed 827 orders for 777s. 548 had been delivered.
Technological features
Boeing employed advanced technologies in the 777. These features included: Image:Emirates.b777-300.a6-emv.arp.jpg
- Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays
- Fully digital fly-by-wire flight controls
- Fully software configurable avionics
- Large scale use of composites (10% by weight)
- Fiber optic avionics network
- Currently the largest and most powerful turbofan engines on a commercial airliner with a 128 inch (3.3 m) fan diameter on the GE-90-115B.
Fortunately for Boeing, work done on the previously cancelled Boeing 7J7 had validated much of the chosen technologies.
The 777 first flew on June 14, 1994 piloted by 777 Chief Test Pilot John E. Cashman. The aircraft would later undergo a flight test programme more extensive than any other Boeing model. The development, testing, and delivery of the 777 was the subject of the documentry series, "21st Century Jet: The Building of the 777." The FAA awarded full 180 minute ETOPS clearance ("ETOPS-180") for PW4074 777-200s on May 30, 1995. The 777 was the first aircraft to carry an ETOPS-180 rating at its entry into service.
A notable design feature is Boeing's decision to retain conventional control yokes rather than fit sidestick controllers as used in many fly-by-wire fighter aircraft and in current Airbus models. Boeing viewed "stick and rudder" controls as being more intuitive for pilots.
Variants
Boeing uses two characteristics to define their 777 models. The first is the airframe size, which affects the number of passengers and amount of cargo that can be carried. The 777-200 and derivatives are the base size. A few years later, the aircraft was stretched into the 777-300.
The second characteristic is range. Boeing defines three segments:<ref name="atb_777x">"Boeing 777X." Mengus, A. AirTransportBiz.com.</ref>
- A market - 3,900 to 5,200 nautical miles (7,220 to 9,630 km)
- B market - 5,800 to 7,700 nautical miles (10,740 to 14,260 km)
- C market - 8,000 nautical miles (14,815 km) and greater
These markets are also used to compare the 777 to its competitor, the Airbus A340.
When referring to variants of the 777, Boeing and the airlines often collapse the model (777) and the capacity designator (200 or 300) into a smaller form, either 772 or 773. Subsequent to that, they may or may not append the range identifier. So the base 777-200 may be referred to as a "772" or "772A," while a 777-300ER would be referred to as a "773ER" or "773B." Any of these notations may be found in aircraft manuals or airline timetables.[1]
777-100
The 777-100 (771B) would have been a lower capacity, B market version of the 777. As the aircraft would have been heavy and have high per passenger costs, it was not selected for production. History has not been kind to "shrinks" of aircraft—the Airbus A318, Boeing 747SP, Boeing 737-600, and McDonnell Douglas MD-87 are excellent examples. The 777-100 was offered to Delta Air Lines and Continental Airlines as an option to replace their aging Lockheed L-1011 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 fleets. Both airlines rejected the offer, leading Boeing to develop the 767-400ER, which was designed to meet both of their specifications. The 787-9 will be targeted at this same market segment.
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777-200
The 777-200 (772A) was the initial A-market model. The first customer delivery was to United Airlines in May 1995. It is available with a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) from 229 to 247 tonnes and range capability between 3780 and 5150 nautical mile (7000 to 9500 km).
The basic 777-200 is powered by two 74,000 lbf (329 kN) Pratt & Whitney PW4074 turbofans, 75,000 lbf (334 kN) General Electric GE90-75Bs, or 75,000 lbf (334 kN) Rolls Royce Trent 875s.
The first 777-200 built was actually used by Boeing's NDT (non-destructive testing) campaign in 1994-1995, and provided valuable data for the -200ER and -300 programs (see below). This A-market bird was finally sold to Cathay Pacific Airways and delivered in December 2000.
The direct Airbus equivalent is the A330-300.
777-200ER
Originally known as the 777-200IGW (for "increased gross weight"), the longer-range B market 777-200ER (772B) features additional fuel capacity, with increased MTOW range from 263 to 286 tonnes and range capability between 6000 and 7700 nautical miles (11,000 to 14,300 km). The first 777-200ER was delivered to British Airways in February 1997. ER Stands for Extended Range.
The 777-200ER can be powered by any two of a number of engines: the 84,000 lbf (374 kN) PW4084 or Trent 884, the 85,000 lbf (378 kN) GE90-85B, the 90,000 lbf (400 kN) PW4090, GE90-90B1, or Trent 890, or the 92,000 lbf (409 kN) GE90-92B or Trent 892. In 1998 Air France took delivery of a 777-200ER powered by GE90-94B engines capable of 94,000 lbf (418 kN) thrust.
On April 2 1997 a Boeing 777-200ER, tail registration 9M-MRA (dubbed the "Super Ranger") of Malaysia Airlines, broke the Great Circle Distance Without Landing record for an airliner by flying east (the long way) from Boeing Field, Seattle, to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, covering the distance of 20,044 km in 21 hours, 23 minutes.
The direct Airbus equivalents are the A340-300 and A350-900.
777-200LR Worldliner
Image:B777-200LR DSC04302.JPG Image:PIA777200LR.jpg The C market 777-200LR (772C) ("LR" for "Longer Range") became the world's longest ranging commercial airliner when it entered service in 2006. It is capable of flying 9,420 nautical miles (17,445 km) in 18 hours. Developed along side the 777-300ER, the 777-200LR will achieve this with huge 110,000 lbf (489 kN) thrust General Electric GE90-115B turbofans with a thrust of 115,300lb (531 kN), a significantly increased MTOW and optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold. Other new features include raked wingtips, a new main landing gear and additional structural strengthening. The roll-out was on February 15 2005 and the first flight was at March 8 2005, with EIS in January 2006. The second prototype made its first flight on May 24 2005. After its introduction into service, the only mass-produced aircraft with greater unrefueled range will be the KC-10 Extender.
The direct Airbus equivalent is the A340-500 (when compared to the Worldliner, the A340-500 is capable of flying 9,017 nautical miles (16,700 km) non-stop, it is however free from ETOPS restrictions).
The first Boeing 777-200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) on 26 February 2006, and the second 777-200LR was delivered in March 2006. Other customers include Air India and EVA Air. On November 9 2005, Air Canada confirmed an order for the jets, which had previously been canceled due to labor issues. Emirates announced on November 20 2005 that they bought 10 of these aircraft as part of a larger 777 order (42 in all). Pakistan International Airlines, the launch customer, has hinted that they may order additional 3 777-200LR for their North American routes.
Jet Airways and Qatar Airways expressed interest in ordering the Boeing 777-200LR. The aircraft is expected to generate interest amongst airlines serving the Kangaroo Route in particular, such as British Airways and Qantas. Singapore Airlines, current operator of the world's longest non-stop flights using the Airbus A340-500, is also said to be evaluating the aircraft. If ordered, Singapore Airlines may replace all of its A340-500 with this model, leaving the A380 as the only Airbus type in the fleet.
On November 10 2005 a 777-200LR set a record for the longest non-stop flight by passenger airliner by flying 11,664 nautical miles (13,422 statute miles, or 21,602 km) eastwards (the westerly Great circle route is only 5,994 miles) from Hong Kong to London, UK. The journey took about 22 hours and 42 minutes.
On February 2 2006 Boeing announced that the 777-200LR has been certified by both FAA and EASA to enter into passenger service with airlines.
The direct equivalent is the Airbus A340-500.
777-300
The stretched A market 777-300 (773A) is designed as a replacement for 747-100s and -200s. Compared to the older 747s, the stretched 777 has comparable passenger capacity and range, but burns one third less fuel and demands 40% lower maintenance costs.
It features a 33 ft 3 in (10.1 m) fuselage stretch over the baseline 777-200, allowing seating for up to 550 passengers in a single class high density configuration and is also 13 tonnes heavier. The 777-300 has tailskid and ground manoeuvring cameras mounted on the horizontal tail and underneath the forward fuselage to aid pilots during taxi due to the aircraft's enormous length.
It was awarded type certification simultaneously from the U.S. FAA and European JAA and was granted 180 min ETOPS approval on May 4, 1998 and entered service with Cathay Pacific later in that month.
The typical operating range with 386 three class passengers is 5720 nautical miles (10,600 km). It is typically powered by two of the following engines: 90,000 lbf (400 kN) PW4090 turbofans, 92,000 lbf (409 kN) Trent 892 or General Electric GE90-92Bs, or 98,000 lbf (436 kN) PW-4098s.
This aircraft has no direct Airbus equivalent, but the A340-600 is offered in competition.
777-300ER
The B market 777-300ER (773B) series is a long range version of 777-300, and is designed as a replacement for the 747-400. This is a result of Boeing's strategy to target the 747 series as cargo freighters rather than passenger aircraft. ER Stands for Extended Range. There are 10 standard doors, with 2 standard doors being over the wing.
The 777-300ER contains many modifications, including the GE90-115B engines, which are currently the world's most powerful jet engine with 115,300 lbf (513 kN) thrust. Other features include raked wingtips, a new main landing gear, extra fuel tanks, as well as strengthened fuselage, wings, empennage, nose gear, engine struts and nacelles. The range with a 365 passenger three-class configuration is 7,880 nautical miles (14,594 km). The 777-300ER programme was launched by Air France, though for political reasons, Japan Airlines was advertised as the launch customer. The first flight of the 777-300ER was February 24 2003. Delivery of the first 777-300ER to Air France occurred on April 29 2004.
The direct Airbus equivalent is the A340-600.
777 Freighter
Image:Boeing 777F.jpg The 777 Freighter (777F) is an all-cargo variant of the 777. Boeing has had some need for a large freighter to replace older 747F and MD-11F freighters. The increased payload capability of the 777-200LR has allowed the company to begin marketing a cargo derivation. The model was officially offered starting on November 15 2004.[2]
The 777F promises excellent operating economics compared to existing freighters. The aircraft has a large interior volume and a high thrust-to-weight ratio. The large wings allow for a low wing loading. The 777F will have a payload of 101 tons. This compares favorably to that of the much larger 747-400F, which has a payload of 124 tons. The two aircraft have a nearly identical payload density.
With the extra belly fuel tanks sacrificed in the interest of payload, the 777F will not range as far as the passenger variant it is based upon. However, the 777F will be the second-longest-ranged freighter in the world with a range of 5,200 miles (8,400 km), after the A380F.<ref name="spi_20041027">"Aerospace Notebook: Cell phone quandary for Boeing." Wallance, J. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. October 10, 2004.</ref> Compared to the 747F, the 777F will lack direct loading of cargo via the nose, but this will not be an issue for most customers.
The 777F will be equipped with the 115,000 lbf (513 kN) GE90-115B engines from the 777-300ER and 777-200LR (from Boeing: 110,000-lb GE90-110B1).
Potential customers are Lufthansa Cargo, Federal Express, United Parcel Service, and EVA Cargo. EIS is 2008. Air France-KLM signed on as the 777F launch customer on March 25 2005. The order for seven aircraft is worth US$1.5 billion at list prices, and the first delivery will be in 2008. Air Atlanta Icelandic has ordered eight 777F aircraft, while Emirates has also ordered eight, and Air Canada has ordered two.
Airbus has no comparable aircraft—the A380-800F is the closest equivalent, but is volumetrically larger and can carry a heavier payload (150 tonnes at 5,600 nautical miles (10,400km)). The A380-800F is better suited for bulky parcel freight service, while the 777F is geared towards denser cargo. The most directly comparable aircraft is the McDonnell Douglas MD-11F, which lacks the 777F's range and uplift capability.
Specifications
| 777-200 | 777-200ER | 777-200LR Worldliner | 777-200F | 777-300 | 777-300ER | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 63.7 m (209 ft 1 in) | 73.9 m (242 ft 4 in) | ||||
| Wingspan | 60.9 m (199 ft 1 in) | 64.8 m (212 ft 7 in) | 60.9 m (199 ft 1 in) | 64.8 m (212 ft 7 in) | ||
| Passengers (three-class) | 301-305 or fewer | 0 | 365-368 or fewer | |||
| Passengers (two-class) | 375-400 or fewer | 0 | 451 or fewer | |||
| Passengers (one-class) | 500 or fewer | 0 | 550 or fewer | |||
| Cargo | 150 m³ (5,302 ft³) 6 pallets 14 LD3s 17 m³ (600 ft³) of bulk cargo | 636 m³ (22,455 ft³) total 521 m³ (18,385 ft³) main deck 115 m³ (4,070 ft³) lower deck 37 pallets (27 upper, 10 lower) 25.5 m³ (900 ft³) of bulk cargo | 200 m³ (7,080 ft³) 8 pallets 20 LD3s 17 m³ (600 ft³) of bulk cargo | |||
| Range | 9,649 km (5,210 nmi/5,992 smi) | 14,316 km (7,730 nmi/8,890 smi) | 17,446 km (9,420 nmi/10,833 smi) | 9,195 km (4,965 nmi/5,710 smi) | 11,029 km (5,955 nmi/6,848 smi) | 14,594 km (7,880 nmi/9,062 smi) |
| Cruise speed | Mach 0.84 (886.4 km/h, 554 mph) | |||||
| General Electric GE90 engine availability | 77B | 94B | 110B1 | N/A | 115B | |
| Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engine availability | PW4077 | PW4090 | N/A | PW4080 | NA | |
| Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engine availability | 877 | 895 | N/A | 892 | N/A | |
Trivia
- The 777's undercarriage is the largest ever used in a commercial jetliner, and its tires are the largest ever fitted to a commercial aircraft.
- The 777-300ER has been tested flying with only one working engine for as long as six hours 29 minutes (389 minutes) over the Pacific Ocean as part of its Extended twin-engine operations (ETOPS) trials. (Note: 3 hours successful and reliable operation of one-engine-out is sufficient for ETOPS 180 min certification, based on current rules.)
- The GE90-110B and -115B engines (including nacelle) fitted on the 777-200LR and -300ER have a diameter larger than the fuselage of early versions of the Boeing 737. The Guinness Book of World Records recognized the -115B, powering the 777-300ER, as the "World's Most Powerful Commercial Jet Engine" with a tested thrust of 127,900 lbf (569 kN).
- The longest ETOPS-related emergency flight diversion (192 min. under one engine power) was conducted on a United Airlines' Boeing 777-200ER, carrying 255 passengers, on March 17 2003 over the southern Pacific ocean.
- The 777 has substantial non-US designed or non-US manufactured content, to be exceeded only by the 787. At least the following companies have made contributions: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (fuselage panels), Kawasaki Heavy Industries (fuselage panels), Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. (center wing section), Ilyushin (jointly designed overhead baggage compartment).
- The 777 has the same Section 41 as the 767. This refers to the part of the aircraft from the very tip of the nose, going to just behind the cockpit windows. From a head-on view, the end of the section is very evident. This is where the bulk of the aircraft's avionics are stored.
- Some 777s have crew rest areas in the crown area above the cabin. Separate ones exist for the flight and cabin crew. [3]
- The interior of the Boeing 777, also known as the Boeing Signature Interior, has later been used on other aircraft, including the Boeing 747-400ER, newer Boeing 767s, and will be used for the upcoming Boeing 747-8. The interior on the Next Generation 737 and the Boeing 757-300 is loosely based on the 777's interior, but also blends in aspects from the 757-200 interior. The Boeing 787 will feature a new interior evolved from the 777-style interior.
- The 777 will be eventually replaced by a new product family, the Y3, which would draw upon 787 technologies. The Y3 is also to replace the 747 series.
Accident summary
As of February 2006, the only fatality involving a Boeing 777 occurred in a refuelling fire at Denver International Airport in 2001. [4] Of the other incidents which have occurred, none have resulted in the hull being written off.
References
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External links
- Official page
- Aircraft-Info.net - Boeing 777-200
- Boeing 777X - Enlarging the family, AirTransportBiz, Alain Mengus, October 2002
Related content
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