Berwick-upon-Tweed

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Template:Infobox England place with map Berwick-upon-Tweed Template:IPA, situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, on the east coast at the mouth of the river Tweed.

In 1991 the town had a population of 13,500. The population has remained roughly constant since 1911 or so. It is the administrative centre of the borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which had a population of about double that. Berwick town is an unparished area, the least populated one in England.

Although in that region the Tweed forms the border between England and Scotland, and the historic heart of the town of Berwick is located on the northern, Scottish, side, the modern (post-1482) boundary diverts itself around the town to keep it in England. The town proper lies on the north bank and to the north of the River Tweed, and was formerly the county town of Berwickshire in Scotland. Apart from the town proper, some nearby hinterland is also included in England and was considered part of the borough, which had an area of about 25 square km.

Berwick is a market town and, if it is taken to include the village of Tweedmouth on the southern bank of the Tweed (which formed part of the borough), a very modest international seaport. For a period of 300 and more years from the mid 11th century the town was an extremely important strategic asset in the wars between England and Scotland. The architecture of the town reflects its past, in particular in having one of the finest remaining defensive ramparts (of 1555, though much repaired in the late 18th century), and in the Barracks buildings, begun in 1717 and the first such buildings in Britain. Nikolaus Pevsner writes that Berwick is one of the most exciting towns in the country, with scarcely an irritating building anywhere, and the most intricate changes of level.

Including Spittal, Tweedmouth, and Ord, the town's population in the 2001 Census was 11,665; this within a borough population of 25,949. 59.5% of the population are employed, and 3.6% unemployed. 19% are retired. [1]. Slightly more than 60% of the population is employed in the service sector, including shops, hotels and catering, financial services and most government activity, including health care. About 13% is in manufacturing; 10% in agriculture, and 8% in construction [2]. Some current and recent Berwick economic activities include salmon fishing, shipbuilding, engineering, sawmilling, fertilizer production, and the manufacture of tweed and hosiery.

It is unique for an English town in that its football team, Berwick Rangers, plays its matches in the Scottish Football League.

The local dialect, known as 'Tweedside', is a combination of Lowland Scots and the Northumbrian accent, although it is recognisably more Scottish. This may reflect the fact that Berwick is slightly closer to the Scottish capital Edinburgh than to Newcastle, which is the main centre of North East England.

1 History
2 At war with Russia?
3 Places of interest
4 People
5 External links

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History

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Berwick's strategic position on the English-Scottish border during centuries of war between the two nations and its relatively great wealth led to a succession of raids, sieges and take-overs. Between 1147 and 1482 the town changed hands between England and Scotland more than 13 times, and was the location of a number of momentous events in the English-Scottish border wars. In the 13th century Berwick was one of the most wealthy trading ports in Scotland, providing an annual customs value of £2,190, equivalent to a quarter of all customs revenues received north of the border. A contemporary description of the town asserted that 'so populous and of such commercial importance that it might rightly be called another Alexandria, whose riches were the sea and the water its walls [3].

In 1174, Berwick was paid as part of the ransom of William I of Scotland to Henry II of England. It was sold to Scotland by Richard I of England, to raise money to pay for Crusades.

It was destroyed in 1216 by King John of England, who attended in person the razing of the town. On 30 March 1296, Edward I stormed Berwick, sacking it with much bloodshed. He slaughtered almost everyone who resided in the town, even if they fled to the churches.

Edward I went to Berwick in August 1296 to receive formal homage from some 2,000 Scottish nobles, after defeating the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar in April and forcing John I of Scotland (John Balliol) to abdicate at Kincardine Castle in July. (The first town walls were built during the reign of Edward I.)

One of the arms of William Wallace was displayed at Berwick after his execution and quartering on 5 August 1305. In 1314 Edward II of England mustered 25,000 men at Berwick, who later fought in (and lost) the Battle of Bannockburn.

On 1 April 1318, it was captured by the Scottish; Berwick Castle was also taken after a three-month siege. The English retook Berwick some time shortly after the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. In October 1357, a treaty was signed at Berwick by which the Scottish estates undertook to pay 100,000 marks as a ransom for David II of Scotland, who had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346.

In 1482 the town was claimed for England by Richard III, although not officially merged into England. It has been administered by England since this date.

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, vast sums — one source reports "£128,648, the most expensive undertaking of the Elizabethan period" [4] — were spent on its fortifications, in a new Italian style, designed both to withstand artillery and to facilitate its use from within the fortifications. Although most of Berwick Castle was demolished in the 19th century to make way for the railway, the military barracks remain, as do the town's rampart walls — one of the finest remaining examples of its type in the country.

In 1551, the town was made a county corporate. In 1603, Berwick was the first English town to greet James VI of Scotland on his way to being crowned James I of England.

In 1639 the army of Charles I of England faced that of General Alexander Leslie at Berwick in the Bishops' Wars, which were concerned with bringing the Presbyterian Church of Scotland under Charles' control. The two sides did not fight, but negotiated a settlement, "the Pacification of Berwick", in June, under which the King agreed that all disputed questions should be referred to another General Assembly or to the Scottish Parliament.

Holy Trinity Church was built in 1650–52, on the initiative of the governor, Colonel George Fenwicke. Churches of the Commonwealth period are very rare. The church has no steeple, supposedly at the behest of Oliver Cromwell, who passed through the town in 1650 on his way to the Battle of Dunbar.

In 1746 the Wales and Berwick Act was passed, which deemed that whenever legislation referred to England, this encompassed Berwick. Berwick remained a county in its own right however, and was not included in Northumberland for Parliamentary purposes until 1885.

The Reform Act 1832, which dealt in large part with the problem of rotten boroughs, reduced the number of MPs returned by the town from two to one.

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At war with Russia?

Image:Russia coa.svg There is a curious apocryphal story that Berwick is (or recently was) technically at war with Russia.

The story goes that since Berwick had changed hands several times, it was traditionally regarded as a special, separate entity, and some proclamations referred to "England, Scotland and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed". One such was the declaration of the Crimean War against Russia in 1853, which Queen Victoria supposedly signed as "Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, Ireland, Berwick-upon-Tweed and all British Dominions". However, when the Treaty of Paris (1856) was signed to conclude the war, "Berwick-upon-Tweed" was left out. This meant that, supposedly, one of Britain's smallest towns was officially at war with one of the world's mightiest powers for over a century.

The BBC programme Nationwide investigated this story in the 1970s, and found that while Berwick was not mentioned in the Treaty of Paris, it was not mentioned in the declaration of war either. The question remained of whether Berwick had ever been at war with Russia in the first place. The true situation is that since the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 had already made it clear that all references to England included Berwick, the town had no special status at either the start or end of the war.

Nevertheless, in 1966 a Soviet official waited upon the Mayor of Berwick, Councillor Robert Knox, and a peace treaty was formally signed. Mr Knox is reputed to have said, "Please tell the Russian people that they can sleep peacefully in their beds." To complicate the issue, some have noted that Knox did not have any authority with regards to foreign relations, and thus may have exceeded his powers as mayor in concluding a peace treaty.

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Places of interest

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Berwick Barracks, now maintained by English Heritage, and built between 1717 and 1721, the design attributed to Vanbrugh.
The ramparts or defensive wall around the town centre
The Old Bridge, 15-span sandstone arch bridge measuring 1,164 feet in length, built between 1610 and 1624, at a cost of £15,000. The bridge continues to serve road traffic, in one direction only. The bridge was on the main route from London to Edinburgh and was ordered by James I of England.
The Royal Border Bridge, designed and built under the supervision of Robert Stephenson between 1847 and its opening by Queen Victoria in 1850, at a cost of cost £253,000, is a 720-yard-long railway viaduct with 28 arches, carrying the East Coast Main Line 126 feet above the River Tweed.
The recently refurbished Royal Tweed Bridge, built in 1925 and in its time having the longest concrete span in the country at 361 feet, originally designed to carry the A1 road across the Tweed; the town now has a road bypass to the west. In the early 2000s, its fabric was renovated, the road and pavement layout amended, and new street lighting was added.
The Union Bridge (five miles upstream), the world's oldest suspension bridge.
The Guildhall, built in the 1750 in a Classical style, and formerly housing the town's prison on its top floor.

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People

Berwick was the first parish in which John Knox, the 16th-century Scottish religious reformer, who founded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, was appointed a preacher in the Church of England.
Mason Jackson, engraver, was born in Berwick in about 1820
Alexander Knox, Canadian actor, died at Berwick in 1995
L. S. Lowry holidayed in Berwick regularly, and painted a number of pictures of the town and beaches. [5]
Wendy Wood, controversial founder of the Scottish Patriots was arrested on more than one occasion for moving the border signs to the old bridge over the Tweed.
The classic sitcom Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? also featured an episode where the 'lads' visited Berwick. Significantly, in it the two Northern Englishmen refer to Berwick as "Scottish".
Trevor Steven, (born Berwick-upon-Tweed, September 21, 1963) was a highly-regarded England footballer who shot to fame with the all-conquering Everton side of the 1980s.
Peter Ramage, lived in Berwick for the majority of his childhood life. He is now a professional football player for Newcastle.
Henry Travers,born in Berwick in 1874,was a character actor best known for his roles in Hollywood film productions,most famously as Clarence the angel in It's a Wonderful Life (1946).