Cthulhu Mythos

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Cthulhu Mythos is the term coined by the writer August Derleth to describe the shared elements, characters, settings, and themes in the works of H. P. Lovecraft and associated writers. Together, they form the mythos that authors writing in the Lovecraftian milieu have used—and continue to use—to craft their stories.<ref>Harms, "A Brief History of the Cthulhu Mythos", The Encyclopedia Cthulhiana, pp. viii–ix.</ref> Although this mythology is sometimes called the Lovecraft Mythos—most notably by the Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi<ref>Joshi, "The Lovecraft Mythos", H. P. Lovecraft, p. 31ff.</ref>—it has long since moved beyond Lovecraft's original conception.

1 Development
- 1.1 First stage (the mythos proper)
- 1.2 Second stage (the "Derleth Mythos")
2 Structure
3 Derleth's involvement
- 3.1 Elemental theory
- 3.2 Conclusion
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
7 Further reading

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Development

Robert M. Price, in his essay "H. P. Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos", sees two stages in the development of the Cthulhu Mythos. The first stage, or "Cthulhu Mythos proper" as Price calls it, took shape during Lovecraft's lifetime and was subject to his guidance. The second stage occurred under August Derleth who attempted to categorize and expand the mythos after Lovecraft's death. <ref>Price, "H. P. Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos", Crypt of Cthulhu #35, p. 5.</ref>

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First stage (the mythos proper)

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During the latter part of Lovecraft's life, there was much borrowing of story elements among the authors of the "Lovecraft Circle", a clique of writers with whom Lovecraft corresponded. This group included Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Frank Belknap Long, Henry Kuttner, and others.

Lovecraft recognized that each writer had his own myth-cycle and that an element from one cycle would not necessarily become part of another simply because a writer used it in one of his stories. For example, although Smith might mention "Kthulhut" (Cthulhu) in one of his Hyperborean tales, this does not mean that Cthulhu is part of the Hyperborean cycle. A notable exception, however, is Smith's Tsathoggua, which Lovecraft appropriated for his revision of Zelia Bishop's "The Mound" (1940). Lovecraft effectively connected Smith's creation to his myth-cycle by placing Tsathoggua alongside such entities as Tulu (Cthulhu), Yig, Shub-Niggurath, and Nug and Yeb in subterranean K'n-yan.

Most of the elements of Lovecraft's mythos were not a cross-pollination of the various myth-cycles of the Lovecraft Circle, but were instead deliberately created by each writer to become part of the mythos — the most notable example being the various arcane grimoires of forbidden lore. So, for example, Robert E. Howard has his character Friedrich Von Junzt reading Lovecraft's Necronomicon in "The Children of the Night" (1931), and Lovecraft in turn mentions Howard's Unaussprechlichen Kulten in both "Out of the Aeons" (1935) and "The Shadow Out of Time (1936). <ref>Ibid, pp. 6–7.</ref>

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Second stage (the "Derleth Mythos")

The second stage began with August Derleth<ref>The writer Richard L. Tierney coined the term "Derleth Mythos" to distinguish between August Derleth's version and Lovecraft's (Cf. Richard L. Tierney, "The Derleth Mythos", Discovering H. P. Lovecraft, p. 52). Dirk Mosig, however, goes further and recommends that the term Cthulhu Mythos be dropped altogether in favor of the Yog-Sothoth Cycle of Myth (Mosig, "H. P. Lovecraft: Myth-Maker", Mosig at Last, p. 28).</ref> who added to the mythos and developed the elemental system, associating the pantheon with the four elements of air, earth, fire, and water. To understand the changes that Derleth made to Lovecraft's mythos, it is important to distinguish among Lovecraft's stories. Price says that Lovecraft's writings can be divided into three separate groups: the Dunsanian, Arkham, and Cthulhu cycles. <ref>Price, "H. P. Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos", Crypt of Cthulhu #35, p. 9.</ref> The Dunsanian stories are those that are written in the vein of Lord Dunsany (and may include Lovecraft's so-called Dream cycle tales), the Arkham stories include those that take place in Lovecraft's pseudomythological New England setting, and the Cthulhu cycle stories are those that utilize Lovecraft's cosmic myth-cycle (the Lovecraft Mythos).

Rather than distinguish among Lovecraft's various cycles, Derleth combined them together, ignoring individual distinctions, to create a large, singular myth-cycle. So, for example, Derleth appropriated Nodens from the Dunsanian cycle and leagued him with the Elder Gods against the Old Ones. Derleth also introduced a good versus evil dichotomy into the mythos that was contrary to the dark, nihilistic vision of Lovecraft and his immediate circle.

Derleth further ignored any distinction between the myth-cycles of Lovecraft and those of other writers. If Lovecraft referenced a name from another author, Derleth took that as justification to include the other author's myth-cycle in the Cthulhu Mythos.

Finally, Derleth apparently assumed that any story that mentioned a mythos element belonged to the Cthulhu Mythos — consequently, any other element in the story also became part of the mythos. Hence, since Lovecraft made passing reference to Clark Ashton Smith's Book of Eibon, Derleth added Smith's Ubbo-Sathla to the mythos. Because of Derleth's broad canon, the mythos would indeed grow enormously. <ref>Ibid, pp. 6–10.</ref>

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Structure

The mythos is centered on the Great Old Ones, a fearsome assortment of ancient, powerful deities that once ruled the Earth. They are presently quiescent, having fallen into a death-like sleep at some time in the distant past.<ref>Harms, "A Brief History of the Cthulhu Mythos", p. viii.</ref> The most well-known of these beings is Cthulhu, who currently lies "dead [but] dreaming" in the submerged city of R'lyeh somewhere in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. One day, "when the stars are right", R'lyeh will rise from beneath the sea, and Cthulhu will awaken and wreak havoc on the earth.<ref>Lovecraft, "The Call of Cthulhu" (1928).</ref>

Despite his notoriety, Cthulhu is not the most powerful of the deities nor is he the theological center of the mythos<ref>Mosig says that Cthulhu "is perhaps one of the weakest and least important of the main entities [in the mythos]—save for his immediacy". He also notes that in the Necronomicon passage in Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror" (1929), Cthulhu is demoted to "their cousin". (Mosig, "H. P. Lovecraft: Myth-Maker", Mosig at Last, p. 25.)</ref>. Instead, this position is held by the demon-god Azathoth, an Outer God, ruling from his cosmically-centered court. Nonetheless, Nyarlathotep, who fulfills Azathoth's random urges, has intervened more frequently and more directly in human affairs than any other Outer God. He has also displayed more blatant contempt for humanity, including his own worshippers, than almost any other Lovecraftian deity.

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Derleth's involvement

Derleth had his own take on the mythos and tried to make it conform to his own Catholic values and dualism. Instead of a universe of meaninglessness and chaos, Derleth's mythos is a struggle of good versus evil.<ref>Bloch, "Heritage of Horror", p. 9.</ref> Derleth once wrote:

As Lovecraft conceived the deities or forces of his mythos, there were, initially, the Elder Gods... [T]hese Elder Gods were benign deities, representing the forces of good, and existed peacefully at or near Betelgeuze in the constellation Orion, very rarely stirring forth to intervene in the unceasing struggle between the powers of evil and the races of Earth. These powers of evil were variously known as the Great Old Ones or the Ancient Ones...
—August Derleth, "The Cthulhu Mythos"<ref>Derleth, "The Cthulhu Mythos", Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos, p. vii.</ref>

Lovecraft was an atheist<ref>Joshi, The Scriptorium, "H. P. Lovecraft", section II.</ref> and claimed that Kant's ethical system "is a joke."<ref>This quote lacks a reference. You can improve this article by providing one.</ref> Because of this, Derleth's theories about the Cthulhu Mythos are inconsistent with Lovecraft's design. The mythos was never intended to be a cohesive, singular entity; instead, it should be regarded as simply a collection of ideas that can be used in separate works to provoke the same emotions.<ref>Turner, "Iä! Iä! Cthulhu Fhtagn!", Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos, p. viii. Turner writes: "Lovecraft's imaginary cosmogony was never a static system but rather a sort of aesthetic construct that remained ever adaptable to its creator's developing personality and altering interests... [T]here was never a rigid system that might be posthumously appropriated by the pasticheur... [T]he essence of the mythos lies not in a pantheon of imaginary deities nor in a cobwebby collection of forgotten tomes, but rather in a certain convincing cosmic attitude."</ref>

Another problem with Derleth's mythos is that the Elder Gods never appear in Lovecraft's writings; except for one or two who appear as "Other Gods", such as Nodens in Lovecraft's "The Strange High House in the Mist" (though perhaps this is an example of how "very rarely [they stir] forth"; i.e., usually never). Furthermore, the Great Old Ones, or Ancient Ones, have no unified pantheon. Indeed, the term "Ancient Ones" appears in only one Lovecraft story, "Through the Gates of the Silver Key" (moreover, the story is actually a collaboration between Lovecraft and his friend and correspondent E. Hoffman Price).

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Elemental theory

Derleth also connected the deities of the mythos to the four elements of air, earth, fire, and water. This system left gaps which Derleth filled in by creating the beings Ithaqua, representing air, and Cthugha, representing fire<ref>Derleth created Cthugha when a fan, Francis T. Laney, pointed out that he had neglected to include a fire elemental in his schema. Laney, the editor of The Acolyte, had categorized the mythos in an essay that first appeared in the Winter 1942 issue of the magazine. Impressed by the glossary, Derleth asked Laney to rewrite it for publication in the Arkham House collection Beyond the Wall of Sleep (1943). (Robert M. Price, "Editorial Shards", Crypt of Cthulhu #32, p. 2.) Laney's essay ("The Cthulhu Mythos") was later republished in Crypt of Cthulhu #32 (1985).</ref>. However, the system has a few problems. For example, Derleth classified Cthulhu as a water elemental, but if this were so, how could he be trapped beneath the ocean and how could his psychic emanations be blocked by water? Another problem arises when applying the elemental theory to beings that function on a cosmic scale (such as Yog-Sothoth)—some authors have tried to get around this by creating a separate category of aethyr elementals for Azathoth, Shub-Niggurath, Nyarlathotep, and Yog-Sothoth. Finally, Derleth matched the earth beings against the fire beings and the air beings against the water beings, which is not consistent with the traditional elemental dichotomy (namely, that air opposes earth and fire opposes water). <ref>Harms, "Elemental Theory", p. 101.</ref>

**Elemental classifications**
Air	Earth	Fire	Water
Hastur Ithaqua Zhar and Lloigor*	Azathoth(?) Cyäegha Nyarlathotep(?) Nyogtha Shub-Niggurath Tsathoggua Yog-Sothoth(?)	Aphoom-Zhah Cthugha*	Cthulhu Dagon Ghatanothoa Mother Hydra Zoth-Ommog

*Deity created by Derleth.
**Deity incorporated by Derleth.

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Conclusion

To his credit, Derleth became a publisher of Lovecraft's stories after his death<ref>Bloch, "Heritage of Horror", p. 8.</ref>. Lovecraft himself was very critical of his own writings and was often easily discouraged, especially when faced with any rejection of his work<ref>Joshi, The Scriptorium, "H. P. Lovecraft", section I.</ref>. Were it not for Derleth, Lovecraft's writings and the Cthulhu Mythos might have remained largely unknown.

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