Domenico Zampieri

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Domenico Zampieri (or Domenichino) (October 21, 1581 - April 15, 1641), was a prominent high Baroque Italian painter of the Bolognese School, or Carracci School, of painters.

He was born at Bologna, son of a shoemaker, and there was initially apprenticed under Denis Calvart. Soon he left to work in the Accademia degli Incamminati of the Carracci brothers. Leaving Bologna for Rome (1602), he became one of the most talented apprentices to emerge from Annibale Carracci's supervision, working alongside a senior contemporary like Albani and Guido Reni, as well as lifetime rivals such as Lanfranco.

Because of his stature, he was nicknamed "little Domenico". The panel depicting The Maiden and the Unicorn (1604-5) in Annibale's Gallery series titled The Loves of the Gods is attributed to Domenichino. Also in the Palazzo Farnese, he painted three mythologic landscapes in the Loggia del Giardino. With the support of Monsignor Giovanni Battista Agguchi, the maggiordomo to Cardinal Aldobrandini and later Gregory XV, and Giovanni’s brother Cardinal Girolamo Agguchi, Domenichino obtained commission for the Capella dei Santissimi Fondatori, in the medieval basilica of the Abbey at Grottaferrata (1608-10) a few miles outside Rome, and where the titular abbot was Odoardo Farnese. He also was commissioned for frescoes in church of Sant’Onofrio. Albani saw that he participated in decorating the Palazzo Mattei (1606-7) and Villa Odescalchi at Bassano di Sutri (today Bassano Romano). Reni worked with him on frescoes in the Oratorio di Sant'Andrea and at San Gregorio Magno. Domenichino's next commissions were scenes al fresco of the life of St. Cecilia [1] for the Polet Chapel of San Luigi de Francesi (1613-1614), the church where only a decade before, Caravaggio had completed the Contarelli chapel canvases, including the Calling of St. Matthew, in a vastly different style.

Working on The Scourging of St. Andrew (a fresco in the church of San Gregorio Magno), the artist was rumored to work himself into a passion, using threatening words and actions, and that Annibale, surprising him, exclaimed with joy, "To-day, my dear Domenichino, thou art teaching me." Domenichino painted in fresco in San Silvestro al Quirinale, San Carlo ai Catinari, Santa Maria in Trastevere and Santa Maria della Vittoria. As an architect, Domenichino was said to have designed the Villa di Belvedere at Frascati, and the whole of the Villa Ludovisi.

In addition, both he and Annibale were among the few landscape artists among painters of the Roman baroque of their generation, and would influence Claude Lorrain in the next.

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Accusations of plagiarism by Lanfranco and other disputes

Despite his prodigious output, Domenichino had a slow and labored style of painting, garnering him the nickname of Bue ("Ox") among Carracci acolytes. He was considered unsociable by many, and ultimately excited the rivalry of Lanfranco. Shortly after Domenichino had completed his celebrated papal commission for Communion of St. Jerome (1614, Vatican Pinacoteca), Lanfranco circulated copies of Agostino Carracci’s painting on the same theme [2], alleging plagiarism in the prodution of this painting initially destined for the church of San Girolamo della Carité, associated with St. Phillip Neri’s Oratorian movement; and the work received, in general, great praise from contemporaries. Inspection of the two mirrored canvases would suggest that while he closely paraphrases Agostino, the accusation of plagiarism is debatable, since Domenichino’s treatment is sharper, less crowded, and more focused on the beggarly figure of St Jerome.


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Late work

In 1630, Domenichino moved to Naples, to work on a series of frescoes (never wholly completed) of the life of St. Januarius in the Cappella del Tesoro. The so-called Cabal of Naples formed by the painters Corenzio, Ribera and Caracciolo banded together as to exclude non-Napolitan competition, and criticized and defaced the Bolognese artist's work. For instance, it is said he often found his previous day's work was rubbed out. Whether constant anxiety or rumored poison assailed him, he died in Naples, on April 15, 1641.

Domenichino, in the tradition of Annibale Carracci, restrained the late-Mannerist and Baroque impulses that were contorting the canvases of contemporaries; and aimed for a more settled peaceful representations.

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Attributed works

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  • The Virgin, Infant Jesus, and John the Baptist, (1599-1600, Louvre Museum) [3]
  • Maiden with the Unicorn, (1602-4, Farnese Gallery, Palazzo Farnese, Rome; fresco under direction by Annibale Carraci) [4]
  • Abraham Leading Isaac to Sacrifice, (1602, Kimbell Art Museum, Dallas) [5]
  • Landscape with Baptism of Christ, (Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna) [6]
  • Martyrdom of Saint Cecilia, (Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna)
  • Portrait of Cardinal Aguchi, (1605, Uffizzi, Florence) [7]
  • Landscape with Flight into Egypt, (1605, Oberlin College) [8]
  • Landscape with Hermit, (1606, Louvre) [9]
  • Landscape with Fording, (1607, Galleria Doria-Pamphilj) image
  • Scourging of Saint Andrew, (1608, San Gregorio Magno, Rome, commissioned by Scipione Borghese) [10]
  • The Rapture of St. Paul, (1608, Louvre) [11]
  • Myth of Diana, (1609, Palazzo Giustiniani, now Odescalchi, Bassano (di Sutri) Roman)
  • Exequeys for a Dead Emperor, (1612, Prado Museum, Madrid)
  • Landscape with Fortifications, (1634-5, Denis Mahon Collection, London) [12]
  • Cumaen Sybil, (1610, Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome) [13]
  • Legends of SS. Nilus and Bartholomew, (1610, Abbey of Grottaferrata commissioned by Odoarde Farnese)[14][15][16][17] [18]
  • Triumphal Arch of Allegories, (1610, Prado Museum)image
  • Way to Calvary, (1610, Getty Museum, California) [19]
  • Communion of St Jerome, (1614, Vatican Pinacoteca) [20] and [21]
  • Scenes of the life of St. Cecilia (1613-1614) Frescoes, San Luigi dei Francesi, Romeimage
    Saint Cecilia Giving Alms to the Poor
    Saint Cecilia before the Judge
  • Landscape with St Jerome, (Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum)
  • Landscape with Sylvia and Satyrs, (1614, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
  • Timocles captive before Alexander the Great, (1615, Louvre Museum)
  • Chariot of Apollo, (1615, Palazzo Costaguti, Rome)
  • Cumaen Sybil, (1617, Galleria Borghese)
  • Madonna of the Rosary, (Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna)
  • Hunt of Diana and Nymphs, (1617, Galleria Borghese)
  • Madonna and Child with Saints John the Baptist and Petronius, (1629, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome)
  • Saint Agnes, (1620, Royal Collection, Windsor)
  • Madonna of Loreto before Saints John the Baptist, Eligius, and Anthony Abbot, (1620, North Carolina Museum of Art) [22]
  • Reynaud and Armida, (1621, Louvre) [23]
  • Martyrdom of St Peter of Verona (copy after Titian), (1621, Pinacoteca Nazionale Di Bologna) [24]
  • Myth of Apollo, (1622, Stanza di Apollo, Villa Belvedere (Aldobrandini), Frascati, now National Gallery, London)
  • Pendentives on Evangelists, (1622-28, Sant’Andrea del Valle) MatthewMarkLukeJohn
  • Scourging of St Andrew(Rome) [25] [26]
  • Landscape with Hercules battling Achelous, (1622, Louvre) based on Ovid’s Metamorphosis, Cant. IX. [27]
  • Saint Ignatius de Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father, (1620-22, Matthiesen Fine Art, London) commissioned by Cardinal Odoarde Farnese for canonization, for the Casa Professa near Il Gesu during Gregory XV papacy.
  • Landscape and the flight to Egypt, (1623, Louvre) [28]
  • Landscape with Washer-women and Child, (1623, Louvre) [29]
  • Adam and Eve, (1625, Musee des Beax-Arts, Grenoble) [30]
  • An Allegory of Agriculture, Astronomy and Architecture, (1625, Galleria Sabauda, Turin)
  • Rebuke of Adam and Eve, (1626, National Gallery Art, Washington D.C.) [31]
  • Martyrdom of St. Agnes, (Galleria Nazionale of Bologna)
  • Death of Adonis, (Loggia of the Giardino, Palazzo Farnese) image
  • Martyrdom of St Sebastian, (Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri)
  • Assumption of the Virgin, (Santa Maria di Trastevere)
  • Landscape with Herminia and Shepherds, (1625, Louvre) Cant. VII, Tasso’s Jerusalem Liberated [32]
  • Landscape with Hercules dragging giant Cacus out of cave]], (1622, Louvre) from Ovid’s Metamophosis [33]
  • Saint Cecilia with an Angel, (1618, Louvre) [34]
  • Saint Ignatius of Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta, (1622, LA Museum of Art)
  • Sacrifice of Isaac, (1628, Prado Museum, Madrid)
  • Landscape with Hermit, (1623, Louvre)
  • Landscape and the Flight to Egypt, (1623, Louvre)
  • Frescoes in San Gennaro, (1631, Naples, unfinished) [35]
  • Landscape with Tobias laying hold of the Fish, (1618, National Gallery, London)
  • Repose of Venice, (Hermitage, St. Petersburg)
  • Assumption of Mary Magdalene into Heaven, (Hermitage, St. Petersburg)
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References

  • The Domenichino Affair: Novelty, Imitation, and Theft in 17th-Century Rome on the plagiarism controversy; by Elizabeth Cropper, dean of the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art.
  • This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition{{#if:{{{article|}}}| article {{#if:{{{url|}}}|[{{{url|}}}}} "{{{article}}}"{{#if:{{{url|}}}|]}}{{#if:{{{author|}}}| by {{{author}}}}}}}, a publication now in the public domain.
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External links

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