Doughnut
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- "Donut" redirects here. For other uses of doughnut or donut, see Doughnut (disambiguation).
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A doughnut, or donut, is a deep-fried piece of dough or batter. The two most common types are the torus-shaped ring doughnut, and the filled doughnut, a flattened sphere injected with jam/jelly, cream, custard, or another sweet filling. A small piece of dough, originally made from the middle of a ring doughnut can be cooked as a doughnut hole. Doughnuts are usually fried, but in rare cases the dough is squeezed into a ball and rested between the rims of an electric heater.
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Overview
Doughnuts can be formed either by joining the ends of a long, thin piece of dough into a ring or by using a doughnut cutter which simultaneously cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole from dough removed from the center. This smaller piece of dough can be cooked or readded to the batch to make more doughnuts.
Doughnuts can be made using a yeast-based dough (raised doughnuts), or a special type of cake batter. Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but cake doughnuts have extra fat included in the batter, before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds, turning once, at between 190 and 198 degrees Celsius. Yeast-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 to 190 degrees Celsius. Cake doughnuts typically weigh between 24 g and 28 g, whereas yeast-raised doughnuts average 38g but are generally larger (when finished).
After being fried, ring doughnuts are often topped with a glaze icing or a powder such as cinnamon or sugar. Ringless doughnuts such as fritters and jelly doughnuts may be glazed and/or injected with jam or custard.
There are many other specialized doughnut shapes such as bear claws, old-fashioneds, bars (a rectangular shape), and twists (where the dough is twisted around itself before cooking). Doughnut holes are small spheres that are made out of the dough taken from the center of ring doughnuts or made to look as if they are. They are also known by brand names, such as Munchkin (from Dunkin' Donuts in the United States), or Timbits (from Tim Hortons in Canada).
History
Possible origins
Doughnuts have a disputed history. One theory is that they were introduced into North America by Dutch settlers, who are responsible for popularizing other desserts, including cookies, cream pie, and cobbler.
Another story credits the invention of the doughnut hole to a Danish sea captain named Hanson Gregory. During a particularly violent storm, Gregory needed both hands free to man the wheel of his ship, and impaled a fried cake upon the wheel, creating the signature hole. The center of fried cakes were notorious for being undercooked, so the innovation stuck. By cooking fried cakes with the center hole, the surface area increased, and the doughnut cooked faster.
A possible origin, has the dessert's invention as part of the story Channukah. Called sufganiyot, Jews make these pasteries (and other oily foods like latkes) to remind them of the sacremental oil that was used to light the six-branched Menorah in the Temple.
Making
Before the ring shape became common, doughnuts were often made as twisted ropes of dough. When placed into a pot of boiling fat, they floated until the lower half was cooked, then rolled themselves over to cook the other side. Ring doughnuts have to be flipped over by hand, which was more time-consuming. The twisted-rope type is called a cruller in some parts of the U.S., but cruller also refers to a particularly airy type of ring doughnut, usually glazed.
Nomenclature
Washington Irving's reference to "doughnuts" in 1809 in his History of New York is believed to be the first known printed use of the word. "Doughnut" is the more traditional spelling, and still dominates outside the US. At present, "donut" and "doughnut" are both pervasive in American English. The first known printed use of "donut" was in an Los Angeles Times article dated August 10, 1929. There, Bailey Millard jokingly complains about the decline of spelling, and that he "can't swallow the "wel-dun donut' nor the ever so 'gud bred." The interchangeability of the two spellings can be found in a series of "National Donut Week" articles in New York Times that covered the 1939 World's Fair. In four articles beginning October 9, two mention the "donut" spelling. Dunkin' Donuts, which was founded in 1948 under the name Open Kettle (Quincy, Massachussetts), is the oldest surviving company to use the "donut" variation, but the now defunct Mayflower Donut Corporation appears to be the first company to use that spelling, having used that spelling prior to WWII.
Variations
Varieties
Doughnut makers come in many shapes and sizes. Sprinkle(d) doughnuts are doughnuts covered with sprinkles that adhere to the icing. These sprinkles may vary in color and are sometimes offered in holiday schemes (e.g. red and green sprinkles for Christmas or yellow, orange, and black for Halloween).
Regional variations
In the Netherlands, the Oliebollen, referred to in cookbooks as Dutch Doughnuts, is a type of fritter contain pieces of apple and/or dried fruit like raisins, and are traditionally eaten as part of New Year celebrations.
In Poland and parts of the U.S. like Detroit, Michigan, the round, jam-filled doughnuts eaten especially - though not exclusively - during the Carnival are called pączki. Russian "пончики", ponchiki and Ukrainian "пампушки", pampushky are the equivalent designations for pączki.
In Lithuania a kind of doughnuts, called spurgos is widely known. Sometimes spurgos are similar to Polish doughnuts, but some specific recipes, such as cottage cheese doughnuts (varškės spurgos) have also been invented.
Jelly doughnuts, known as Sufganiyah (סופגניה, pl. Sufganyot סופגניות) in Israel have become a traditional Hanukkah food in the recent era, as they are cooked in oil, associated with the holiday account of the miracle of the oil.
In France and in New Orleans, Louisiana, there is a fried pastry called a beignet which is sometimes described as a French doughnut.
Image:Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpgIn Germany, the doughnut equivalents are called Bismarcks or Berliners, except from the town of Berlin where they are called Pfannkuchen. In southern Germany they are also called Krapfen and are especially popular during Carneval season (Karneval/Fasching). These don't have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid, usually filled with jam. Bismarcks and Berlin doughnuts are also found in the U.S. This type of doughnut is popular in Chile because of the large German community there, and is called a Berlin (plural Berlines). It may be filled with jam or with manjar, the Chilean version of dulce de leche.
Italian doughnuts are called zeppole.
Some savory fried items not based on wheat-flour pastry are referred to as doughnuts, such as the ring-shaped Indian vadas, made of lentils.
Chinese cuisine has long, fried doughnut sticks that are often quite oily, hence their name: you tiao (Mandarin), these pastries are not sweet. In Cantonese, this doughnut-style pastry is called yow ja guei. Often this is served with the traditional rice porridge of Chinese cooking, congee. Chinese restaurants in the US sometimes serve small fried pastries similar to doughnut holes.
Many bakeries in South Korea offer doughnuts either filled with or made entirely from the Korean traditional rice dessert, ddeok (떡).These come in a variety of different colors, though normally in green, pink, or white. They are often filled with a sweet red bean paste or sesame seeds.
To celebrate Fat Tuesday in southeastern Pennsylvania, churches sell a potato-starch doughnut called a Fastnacht (or Fasnacht). The treats are so popular there that Fat Tuesday is often called Fastnacht Day.
In the U.S., doughnuts sometimes incorporate seasonal agricultural products, often made at the farms or orchards, such as maple syrup doughnuts in spring in the Northeast and apple cider doughnuts during the apple harvest. These form an important product of agritourism.
Doughnuts and topology
Doughnuts, as ring-shaped items, are an important explanatory tool in the science of topology where the ring doughnut shape (a ring with a circular cross-section) is called a torus or toroid, and an example of using the ring doughnut as an illustrative term can be found in popular explanations of the Poincaré conjecture. The other toroidal food item used in topological explanations is the bagel. However, the bagel has a hole to allow it to be retrieved from boiling water, while a doughnut hole is intended to allow the doughnut to cook faster and more thoroughly. There is no historical connection between bagels and doughnuts.
Doughnuts and popular culture
By analogy, doughnut is a slang term for a circular maneuver made with an automobile or other vehicle from a sharp turn in which the rear of the vehicle swings around to form a larger circle as the front of the vehicle turns in a tight circular motion. "Doughnut" also refers to the small rigid spare tire that comes as original equipment with many new cars.
In North America, it is not infrequent to see police officers taking their breaks at a doughnut shop, which has led to police being stereotyped as pudgy doughnut eaters. While people in many trades and professions work "on the road" and take coffee breaks at doughnut shops, the stereotype exists largely because police officers and their vehicles are identifiable. Police officers may also prefer to visit doughnut shops because many of them serve free coffee to the police. As well, many police officers work late at night, and often the only place to go to get something to eat or drink is at a doughnut shop.
Homer Simpson of the American animated television show The Simpsons is an avid consumer of doughnuts as is Police Chief Clancy Wiggum of the same series. These two in particular, represent major elements of American life (Homer the average joe, Wiggum your typical "thin blue liner") which is a great example of how deeply rooted the doughnut has become in American culture. While it is without a doubt one of most distinct and recognizable foods of North American origin, right alongside hamburgers, it also shares a slightly more negative symbolism as doughnuts are very often a representative food for America's overeating problem as well as the general problem of Americans being overweight in far higher numbers. Doughnuts are used to poke fun at this more often than not by Americans and other countries around the world alike, although ironically it is also now one of the world's most popular foods. It is an especially popular food in Asia, where on-the-go foods have been becoming incredibly successful due to the generally fast paced life of the working class of the eastern continent. The American company Mister Donut was acquired by a Japanese company, and the brand no longer exists in the US. Mister Donut has enjoyed mass popularity for years, even before the great invasion of American fast food chains in the mid to late 1990's. The anime character Vash the Stampede is quite famous for his love of the doughnut.
Doughnut restaurant chains
Canada
Australia
- Donut King
- Krispy Kreme
U.S.A.
- Dunkin' Donuts
- Krispy Kreme
- Tim Hortons - opened its doors to the U.S. market in the mid-1990s
- LaMar's Donuts - Midwest
- Winchell's Donuts
- Bess Eaton
- Yum-Yum Donuts
- Southern Maid
- The Whole Donut
- Happy Donuts
U.K.
- Dinky Donuts
- Krispy Kreme
(List not complete)
See also
References
- Template:Cite book - Origins of the doughnut hole
- Rosana G Moreira et al, Deep Fat Frying: Fundamentals and Applications. ISBN 0834213214da:Donut
de:Donut eo:benjeto fi:Munkki (leivonnainen) fr:donut ja:ドーナツ nl:Donut no:Smultring pl:Pączek sr:Крофна sv:Munk (bakverk)