Dungan language
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{{language |name=Dungan |nativename=Хуэйзў йүян Huėyzŭ yüyan |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |states=Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan |region=Fergana Valley |speakers=41,400 (2001) |fam2=Chinese |fam3=Mandarin |iso2=sit|iso3=dng}}
The Dungan language (autonym: Хуэйзў йүян [Huėyzŭ yüyan]; 东干语 [東干語] in Chinese) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the 50,000 Dungan or (Hui) of Central Asia. It is spoken primarily in Kyrgyzstan, with speakers in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia as well. This ethnic group may be the descendants of prisoners of war brought to China in the 14th century, who migrated west from China into Central Asia.
Although in vocabulary and structure, the language is not very different from Mandarin Chinese, it is unique in that it is the only variety of the Chinese language which is not normally written using Chinese characters. Originally the Dungan, being Muslim, wrote their language in the Arabic alphabet. The Soviet Union banned all Arabic scripts in the late 1920s, but this system, called Xiao-Er-Jin, remains in limited use by some Hui communities in China. A Latin alphabet lasted until 1940, when the current Cyrillic alphabet was enforced. Like other Chinese languages, Dungan is tonal. There are two main dialects, one with 4 tones, and the other, upon which the writing system is based, has 3 tones, but this is not indicated in writing.
Dungan is most akin to the dialects of Mandarin spoken in the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu. However, it contains many Russian, Arabic, and Persian loanwords. It forms most new words, however, using its own resources, as Chinese does. It is used in the school system.
Dungan alphabet: А/а, Б/б, В/в, Г/г, Д/д, Е/е, Ё/ё, Ж/ж, Җ/җ, З/з, И/и, Й/й, К/к, Л/л, М/м, Н/н, Ң/ң, Ә/ә, О/о, П/п, Р/р, С/с, Т/т, У/у, Ў/ў, Ү/ү, Ф/ф, Х/х, Ц/ц, Ч/ч, Ш/ш, Щ/щ, Ъ/ъ, Ы/ы, Ь/ь, Э/э, Ю/ю, Я/я
External links
- Ethnologue entry
- "Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform": long essay on Dungan, with sample texts
- Omniglot entry
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| Categories: |
Gan | Hakka | Hui | Jin | Mandarin | Min | Ping | Xiang | Wu | Cantonese | |||
| Subcategories of Min: | Min Bei | Min Dong | Min Nan | Min Zhong | Puxian | Qiongwen | Shaojiang | |||
| Subcategories of Mandarin: | Northeastern | Beijing | Ji-Lu | Jiao-Liao | Zhongyuan | Lan-Yin | Southwestern | Jianghuai | Dungan | |||
| Note: The above is only one classification scheme among many. The categories in italics are not universally acknowledged to be independent categories. | ||||
| Comprehensive list of Chinese dialects | ||||
| Official spoken varieties: | Standard Mandarin | Standard Cantonese | |||
| Historical phonology: | Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Proto-Min | Proto-Mandarin | Haner | |||
| Chinese: written varieties | ||||
| Official written varieties: | Classical Chinese | Vernacular Chinese | |||
| Other varieties: | Written Vernacular Cantonese | |||