Euboea

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Template:Infobox Pref GR Euboea or Negropont or Negroponte (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. It is separated from the mainland of Greece by the Euboic Sea. In general outline it is long and narrow; it is about 150 km (90 miles) long, and varies in breadth from 50 km (30 miles) to 6 km (4 mi). Its general direction is from N.W. to S.E., and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tenos and Mykonos.

Euboea has one of the longest prefectures in Greece. Euboea is also the second largest island in Greece by area and population after Crete.

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Geography

Image:Euboea island.jpg Euboea was believed to have originally formed part of the mainland, and to have been separated from it by an earthquake. This is fairly probable, because it lies in the neighbourhood of a fault line, and both Thucydides and Strabo write that the northern part of the island had been shaken at different periods. Its northern extremity is separated from the Thessalian coast by a strait, which at one point is not more than 130 feet (40 metres) wide (see satellite photo [1] ). In the neighbourhood of Chalcis, both to the north and the south, the bays are so confined as to make plausible the story of Agamemnon's fleet having been detained there by contrary winds. At Chalcis itself, where the strait is narrowest, it is called the Euripus. The extraordinary changes of tide which take place in this passage have been a subject of note since classical times. At one moment the current runs like a river in one direction, and shortly afterwards with equal velocity in the other. A bridge was first constructed here in the twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian War (410 BC). The name Euripus was corrupted during the Middle Ages into Evripo and Egripo, and in this latter form transferred to the whole island. Later the Venetians, when they occupied the district, altered it to Negroponte, referring to the bridge which connected it with the mainland.

Like most of the Greek islands, Euboea was originally known under other names, such as Macris and Doliche from its shape, and Ellopia and Abantis (Άβαντες) from the tribes inhabiting it.

The main mountains include Dirphys (1,745 m), Pyxaria (1,341 m) in the northeast and Ochi (1,394).

The neighboring gulfs are the Pegasitic Gulf in the north, Maliakos Gulf, Northern Euboean Gulf in the west, the Euboic Sea and the Petalion Gulf.

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History

Euboea word may derives from the name of a nymph, daughter of Asopus, or (according to Aristotle) from the name of a hero woman which lived in that region. According to Strabo the name derives from a cave named «Βοός αυλή» (bull's courtyard) which resides at the Aegean peninsula of the island and where Io gave birth to Epaphus. Euboea, etymologicaly, is composed by the greek word Ευ which means "good" and βούς which means bull. The bull is likely to be Epaphus, as long as his mother Io has been transformed into a cow in order to escape from Hera. Homer always names the island Euboea, but he never calls the warriors of the island which participated to the Troyan war Euboeans, maybe due the the above myth. He prefers to call them Abantes.

The history of the island is for the most part that of its two principal cities, Chalcis, Eretria. In prehistorical ages, there was also another city, Cyme which was eventually absorbed by Eretria city. Chalcis and Eretria were Ionian settlements from Attica, and their importance in early times is shown by their numerous colonies in Magna Graecia and Sicily, such as Cumae (a colony of Chalkis and Cyme), Rhegium and Naxos, and on the coast of Macedonia. In this way they opened new trade routes to the Greeks, and extended the field of western civilization.

How great their commerce was is shown by the fact that the Euboic scale of weights and measures was in use in Athens until Solon, and among the Ionic cities generally. They were rival cities, and appear at first to have been equally powerful; one of the earliest of the sea-fights mentioned in Greek history took place between them, and in this it is said that many of the other Greek states took part.

In 490 BC Eretria was utterly ruined and its inhabitants were transported to Persia. Though it was restored after the Battle of Marathon, on a site at a little distance from its original position, it never regained its former eminence, but it was still the second city in the island. From this time its neighbour Chalcis held an undisputed supremacy. Already, however, this city had suffered from the growing power of Athens. In the year 506 BC the Chalcidians were totally defeated by the Athenians, who established 4000 Attic settlers on their lands, and seem to have reduced the whole island to a condition of dependence.

Again, in 446 BC, when Euboea endeavoured to throw off the yoke, it was once more reduced by Pericles, and a new body of settlers was planted at Histiaea in the north of the island, after the inhabitants of that town had been expelled. The Athenians fully recognized its importance to them, for supplying them with corn and cattle, securing their commerce, and guaranteeing them against piracy, because its proximity to the coast of Attica rendered it extremely dangerous to them when in other hands. But in 410 BC the island succeeded in regaining its independence. After this it took sides with one or other of the leading states, until, after the Battle of Chaeronea, it passed into the hands of Philip II of Macedon, and finally into those of the Romans.

In modern history Euboea comes into prominence following the Fourth Crusade. In the partition of the Eastern Roman empire by the Latins, the island was divided into three fiefs which placed themselves under the protection of the Venetian Republic, henceforth the sovereign power. In 1470, after a heated defence, the well-fortified Histiaea was wrested from Venice by Mohammed II, and the whole island fell into the hands of the Turks. At the conclusion of the Greek War of Independence, in 1830, the island constituted a part of the newly established Greek state.

It is linked by two bridges, one that runs through Chalkida and is also access from Thiva and another one bypasses Chalkida and is accessed from Athens. All of the modern bridges are suspended.

In the 1980s, the Dystos lake was filled with grass which was set on fire by farmers to make more farmland. This act caused devastation on much of the plants and the environment in that area. A part of the lake regenerated. A company was going to build a factory there. Also the municipalities of Anthidona and Avlida in the mid to late 20th century which once were with the eastern part of the Boeotia Prefecture reverted to Chalkida which the capital city is closer than Levadia. The postal codes were since the creation lined with the rest of Euboea including Syros.

On January 24 through January 28, 2006, a snowstorm which also affected Eastern and Eastcentral Europe brought heavy snwofall accumulations which amounted as high as one to four metres cutting off roads from the rest of Greece in northern, the eastern and the southern parts of the island. Electricity was cut off to parts of the island for several days. Two days later when the snowstorm taper off, villages in the south and north remain cut off from roads and hydro. Communications were later restored as bulldozers cleaned out the snow as far as Aliveri a day later and also the rest of the island. The drifting snow did not affect parts of the island as Mount Dirfys blocked its wind direction to the southwest, much of the winds were by the sea. The snowstorm became one of the worst in the island's history. Another system arrived on February 7, 2005 and brought heavy snows that stranded several residents in their homes with three to five meters of snow enough to cover some balconies and almost covered several homes to their roofs in several villages. In Kampia, snowfall accumulated to two metres enough to cover their cars, people had to use their shovel to move the snow so they can get in their cars. Roads were also blocked and some were cut off from the rest of the island. The storm did not cause some blackouts. A day later, temperatures began to rise and communications were later relinked and restored.

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Historic population

Year Population Change Density
1991 209,132 5,236/123.23% 53.51/km²
2001 217,218 8,086/3.87% 55.59/km²

Apart from Greeks, who make up the majority of the population of the island, there are two other ethnic groups who are autochtonous, or at least live in Euboea since the early Middle Ages:the Arvanites and the Vlachs. The Arvanites traditionally occupy portions of the southern tip of the island and are concentrated today in the area around Cape Kafireas also known as Cavo D'Oro where the Arvanite dialects are still spoken by the villagers, but in other villages too. Traditionally, the Arvanitochori end up in Lata and Kaletzi, near Aliveri, which is the northernmost limit of their presence in Euboea. The Arvanites settled in Euboea in the 14th century during the Venetian rule of the island. The Vlachs are largely assimilated and live in the hilly and mountainous area in central and northern Euboea. The Vlach language is not anymore spoken except by a handful of persons over 70 year old in two villages; Vlachia respectively Koutourla. Euboea also formerly hosted a large Sarakatsani population who emigrated from Roumeli and Epirus at the beginning of the 19th century and settled around Mandoudi and Ayia Anna. Image:Negroponte1.jpg

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Economics

The mining areas include magnesite in Mantoudi and Limni, lignite in Aliveri and iron and nickel from Diprhys. Marble is mined 3 km north of Eretria which include Marmor Chalcidicum and asbestos in the northeastern part of Carystus in the Okhi mountains.

The trees include chestnuts.

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Transportation

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Communications

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Television

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Provinces

There are no provinces on the island of Skyros.

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Municipalities and communities

Municipality YPES code Seat Postal code
Aidipsos 1401 Loutra Edipsou 343 00
Amarynthos 1402 Amarynthos 340 06
Anthidonas 1403 Drosia 341 00
Artemisio 1404 Artemisio 342 00
Avlida 1405 Vathy 341 00
Avlona 1406 Avlonari 340 09
Chalcis 1426 Chalcis 341 00
Dirfys 1407 Steni Dirfyos 340 14
Dystos 1408 Krieza 340 17
Elymnies 1409 Limni 340 05
Eretria 1410 Eretria 340 08
Istiaia 1411 Istiaia 342 00
Karystos 1412 Karystos 340 01
Kirea 1414 Mantoudi 340 04
Konistres 1415 Konistres 340 16
Kymi 1416 Kymi 340 03
Lilanti 1417 Vasiliko 340 02
Marmari 1419 Marmari 340 13
Messapioi 1420 Psachna 344 00
Nea Artaki 1421 Nea Artaki 346 00
Nileas 1422 Agia Anna 340 10
Oraioi 1427 Oraioi 340 12
Skyros 1423 Skyros 340 07
Styra 1424 Styra 340 15
Taminei 1425 Aliveri 345 00
Community YPES code Seat Postal code
Kafireas 1413 Amygdalia 340 01
Lichas 1418 Lichas Evvoias 343 00
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See also

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Persons

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Sporting teams

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External links

  • General
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See also

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References

et:Euboia el:Νομός Εύβοιας es:Eubea fr:Eubée id:Euboea it:Eubea la:Euboea nl:Euboea pl:Eubeja pt:Eubéia ro:Evia simple:Euboea sk:Eubója fi:Euboia sv:Euboia

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