Fernando Henrique Cardoso
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Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born June 18, 1931) was the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2003.
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Biography
Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo most of his life. Cardoso is married (wife Ruth Cardoso) and has three children. Trained as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science and Sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo. He was President of the International Sociology Association (ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), a honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has penned several books.
He was also Associated Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France and later at the Paris-Nanterre University. He also lectured at American universities including Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term as professor-at-large at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies, beginning in 2003.
Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board. In 2005 he was elected, according to the Britain's Prospect (magazine), as being one of the world's top one hundred and one living intellectuals.
Elections
In the beginning of his political life, Fernando Herique was elected Senator of the state of São Paulo for the former MDB, Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement), in 1978. Re-elected in 1986 for the PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party), which substituted MDB after Brazilian re-democratization.
In 1988, a group of parliamentaries left PMDB and founded Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Cardoso was among them and so, he led the new party in the Senate until October 1992. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco (PMDB).
From May 1993 until April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and introduced the Plano Real (Real Plan) to end hyperinflation. Buoyed by the success of the Plano Real, Cardoso was elected president in the first round of elections, on October 3, 1994.
Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, after his fourth run for the presidency. Lula won in the runoff against the Cardoso-supported candidate José Serra. Lula's election has since been interpreted as a result of Cardoso's growing unpopularity in his second term.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso was re-elected on October 4, 1998 with approximately 53% of the vote, while his closest challenger, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT), had about 32%. In 2000, he ordered the declassifying of some military files concerning operation Condor.
Fernando Henrique's government
FHC (as he was sometimes called) was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own center-left Social Democratic Party, the PSDB, and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing PPB, the Brazilian Progressive Party, in 1996.
Party loyalty was weak, and deputies and senators belonging to the parties in the coalition always voted with the government. As a result, President Cardoso had difficulty, at times, gaining sufficient support for some of his legislative priorities, despite the fact that his coalition parties held an overwhelming majority of congressional seats. Nevertheless, the Cardoso administration accomplished many of its legislative and reform objectives.
Honors
Foreign Awards and Honors
| Year | Award or Order | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | J. William Fulbright for International Understanding | 10 February |
| 2002 | Military Order of Torre e Espada, Portugal (Grand Cross) | 11 November |
| Medal, University of Technology of Peru | 23 September | |
| Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Salamanca, Spain | 18 May | |
| Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Konstantin Filozof, Nitra, Slovakia | 27 February | |
| Honorary Doctor of Law, Moscow Academy, University of Moscow, Russia | 26 February | |
| Order “White Eagle”, Poland (Collar) | 21 February | |
| 2001 | Honorary Doctor of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel | 18 November |
| National Order Mérito, Ecuador (Collar) | 1 October | |
| Honorary Doctor of Law, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciências Sociales, Ecuador | 1 October | |
| Order Congreso Nacional de la República del Ecuador, Ecuador | 28 September | |
| Order General Rumiñahui, Province of Pichincha, Ecuador | 12 September | |
| Orden de Manuel Amador Guerrero, Panamá (Collar) | 8 August | |
| Order of the Double White Cross I. Class, Slovakia (Grand Cross) | 10 July | |
| 2000 | Order King Abdul Aziz, Saudi Arabia (Collar) | 18 September |
| National Order Steaua României, Romania (Collar) | 17 July | |
| Prince of Asturias Award in International Cooperation, Spain | 14 June | |
| Award “Mérite”, Association des Comités Nationaux Olympiques | 24 May | |
| Gold Medal, Câmara Municipal de Santarém, Portugal | 22 April | |
| National Order “Juan Mora Fernández”, Costa Rica (Grand Cross) | 4 April | |
| Order “Francisco de Miranda”, Venezuela (Grand Cross) | 29 March | |
| Order “Condor de los Andes”, Bolivia (Collar) | 15 March | |
| Order “Infante D. Henrique”, Portugal (Collar) | 7 March | |
| 1999 | Order of the Elephant, Denmark (Grand Cross) | 3 May |
| Order “Al Mérito por Servicios Distinguidos”, Peru (Special Grand Cross) | 16 April | |
| 1998 | Medal, Rotarian Foundation, International Rotary | 2 September |
| Gold Medal, “Camara de los Deputados”, Spain | 23 July | |
| Gold Medal "Americas Society", USA | 8 June | |
| “Certificado ao Mérito”, Brazilian and Chilean Circle of Latin American Integration | 20 May | |
| Award “Felipe Herrera Lane”, Santiago, Chile | 19 April | |
| Order “Isabel la Católica”, Spain (Grand Cross and Collar) | 17 April | |
| Gold Medal, Galicia, Spain | 20 March | |
| 1997 | Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Cambridge | 4 December |
| Honorary Doctor of Science (Economics), University of London, London School of Economics and Political Science | 3 December | |
| Order of the Bath, United Kingdom (Grand Cross and Collar) | 2 December | |
| Order “Merito da Câmara dos Deputados”, Chile | 1 October | |
| Order “Militar de Santiago da Espada”, Portugal (Collar) | 6 September | |
| Order of Lebanon (Extraordinary Degree) | 2 September | |
| Medal “Amilcar Cabral”, Guinea Bissau | 8 July | |
| Honorary Doctor of Law, Soka University, Japan | 22 May | |
| Interamerican Award of Leadership, Fundación Pan Americana de Desarrollo de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, Washington, DC | 25 April | |
| The Great Magyar Order, Hungary (Grand Cross) | 3 April | |
| The Order of White Rose, Finland (Grand-Cross and Collar) | 24 February | |
| Equitem Torquatum Ordinis Piani, Vatican City, (Collar) | 14 February | |
| Honorary Doctor of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy | 13 February | |
| 1996 | The Order of Good Hope, Republic of South Africa (Grand Cross) | 26 November |
| The Grand Order of Mugunghwa (Coréia) (Collar) | 11 September | |
| Soka Gakkai International, Peace and Culture Award | 10 September | |
| Order “Nacional del Mérito”, Paraguay (Collar Mariscal Francisco Solano Lopez) | 26 June | |
| Medal “Chancellerie des Universités de Paris”, France | 29 May | |
| Légion d'Honneur, France (Grand Cross) | 28 May | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, University Lumière, France | 19 May | |
| Order “Libertador San Martin”, Argentina (Collar) | 8 April | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, University Sofia, Japan | 14 March | |
| Chrysanthemum Order, Japan (Grand-Cross) | 13 March | |
| Order “El Sol del Perú”, Peru (Grand Cross) | 26 February | |
| Order Aguila Azteca, Mexico (Collar) | 19 February | |
| Honorary Order “Estrela Amarela”, Suriname (Collar) | 10 January | |
| 1995 | “Darjah Utama Seri Makhota Negara”, Malaysia (Collar) | 18 December |
| Order of Prince Iaroslav, “The Wise”, Ukraine (Collar) | 25 November | |
| Medal “Rotary Internacional” | 25 September | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, Free University of Berlin, Germany | 20 September | |
| Order of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross) | 18 September | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Porto, Portugal | 22 July | |
| Order “Liberdade”, Portugal (Collar) | 19 July | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Coimbra, Portugal | 11 July | |
| Honorary Doctor of Laws, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela | 5 July | |
| Order “Libertador”, Venezuela (Collar) | 4 July | |
| Order “Mérito”, Italy (Grand-Cross and Collar) | 26 June | |
| Order “Cavaliere di Gran Croce”, Italy (Grand Collar) | 24 June | |
| Medal of the Republic, Uruguay | 20 June | |
| Medal “Lions Club Internacional” | 23 May | |
| Order “Mérito”, Chile (Collar) | 2 March | |
| Order of the Polish Republic, Poland (Grand Cross) | 20 February | |
| 1993 | National Order “Mérito”, Ecuador (Grand Cross) | 29 April |
| Order of Boyacá, Colombia (Grand Cross) | 1 April | |
| Order “Mérito”, Chile (Grand Cross) | 8 March | |
| 1992 | Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Chile | 25 March |
| 1991 | Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Notre Dame | |
| 1987 | Order Mérito, Portugal (Grand Cross) | |
| Elected Member of the Association Internationale Maison d'Auguste Comte, France | ||
| 1985 | Légion d'Honneur, France (Chevalier) | |
| 1984 | Order Aguila Azteca,México (Collar) | 19 April |
| Elected Foreign Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences | ||
| 1983 | Palmes Académiques, France (Officer) | |
| 1978 | Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University |
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