Georges Bataille

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Image:Bataille-sm.jpg Template:French literature (small) Georges Bataille (September 16, 1897 – July 9, 1962) was a French writer, anthropologist and philosopher, though he avoided this last term himself.

1 Life and work
2 Key concepts
3 Bibliography
4 Works on Bataille
5 External links

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Life and work

Bataille was initially tempted by priesthood and went to a Catholic seminary but lost his faith in 1922. He is often quoted as regarding the brothels of Paris as his true churches, a sentiment which reflects the concepts in his work. He then worked as a librarian, thus keeping some relative freedom in not having to treat his thinking as work.

Founder of several journals and groups of writers, Bataille is the author of an oeuvre both abundant and diverse: readings, poems, essays on innumerable subjects (on the mysticism of economy, in passing of poetry, philosophy, the arts, eroticism). He sometimes published under pseudonyms, and some publications were banned. He was relatively ignored in his lifetime and scorned by contemporaries such as Jean-Paul Sartre as an advocate of mysticism, but has had considerable influence after his death on authors such as Michel Foucault, Philippe Sollers and Jacques Derrida, all of whom were affiliated with the Tel Quel journal. Jean Baudrillard also counts him as an influence.

Attracted early on to Surrealism, Bataille quickly fell out with its founder André Breton, although Bataille and the Surrealists resumed cautiously cordial relations after World War II. Bataille was a member of the extremely influential College of Sociology in France between World War I and World War II. The College of Sociology, also comprised several renegade surrealists. He was heavily influenced by Hegel, Freud, Marx, Marcel Mauss, the Marquis de Sade, Alexandre Kojève and Friedrich Nietzsche, the last of whom he defended in a notable essay against appropriation by the Nazis.

Fascinated by human sacrifice, he founded a secret society, Acéphale (the headless), the symbol of which was a decapitated man, in order to instigate a new religion. According to legend, Bataille and the other members of Acéphale each agreed to be the sacrificial victime as an inauguration; none of them would agree to be the executioner. An indemnity was offered for an executioner, but none was found until the dissolution of Acéphale shortly before the war.

Bataille had an amazing interdisciplinary talent — he drew from diverse influences and used diverse modes of discourse to create his work. His novel The Story of the Eye, for example, published under the pseudonym Lord Auch (literally, Lord "to the shithouse" — "auch" being slang for telling somebody off by sending them to the toilet), was initially read as pure pornography, while interpretation of the work has gradually matured to reveal the considerable philosophical and emotional depth that is characteristic of other writers who have been categorized within "literature of transgression." The imagery of the novel is built upon a series of metaphors which in turn refer to philosophical constructs developed in his work: the eye, the egg, the sun, the earth, the testicle.

Other famous novels include "My Mother" and "The Blue of Noon". "The Blue of Noon," with its necrophilic and political tendencies, its autobiographical or testimonial undertones, and its philosophical moments turns "The Story of the Eye" on its head, providing a much darker and bleaker treatment of contemporary historical reality.

Bataille was also a philosopher (though he renounced this title), but for many, like Sartre, his philosophical claims bordered on atheist mysticism. During World War Two, and influenced by Martin Heidegger, Hegel, and Nietzsche, he wrote a Summa Atheologica (the title parallels Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica) which comprises his works "Inner Experience", "Guilty", and "On Nietzsche". After the war he composed his "The Accursed Share", and founded the also extremely influential journal "Critique". His very special conception of "sovereignty" (which may be said an "anti-sovereignty") was discussed by Jacques Derrida, Giorgio Agamben, Jean-Luc Nancy and others.

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Key concepts

eroticism
the accursed share
the potlatch (borrowed from Marcel Mauss's discussion of the kula and the gift economy)
absolute negativity
base materialism
formlessness
acephality
the sacred
the solar anus
heterogeneous matter (deviant social elements)
homogeneity's need for deviance
transgression

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Bibliography

Selected works:

Histoire de l'oeil, 1928. (Story of the Eye) (under pseudonym of Lord Auch)
Le Bleu du ciel, 1935 (Blue of Noon)
Madame Edwarda, 1937. (under pseudonym of Pierre Angélique)
L'expérience intérieure, 1943. (Inner Experience)
La part maudite, 1949 (The Accursed Share)
L'Erotisme, 1957 (Erotism)
La littérature et le Mal, 1957. (Literature and Evil)
Les larmes d'Éros, 1961. (The Tears of Eros)
L'Impossible, 1962. (The Impossible)
Ma Mére, 1966 (My Mother)
Le Mort, 1967 (The Dead Man)
Théorie de la Religion, 1973. (Theory of Religion)

Translated works:

Manet, Austryn Wainhouse and James Emmons, 1955, Editions d'Art Albert Skira.
Literature and Evil, Alastair Hamilton, 1973, Calder & Boyars Ltd.
Visions of Excess: Selected Writings 1927-1939, Allan Stoekl, Carl R. Lovitt, and Donald M. Leslie, Jr., 1985, University of Minnesota Press.
Erotism: Death and Sensuality, Mary Dalwood, 1986, City Lights Books.
Story of the Eye, Joachim Neugroschel, 1987, City Lights Books.
Inner Experience, Leslie Anne Boldt, 1988, State University of New York.
My Mother, Madame Edwarda, The Dead Man, Austryn Wainhouse, with essays by Yukio Mishima and Ken Hollings, 1989, Marion Boyars Publishers.
The Impossible, Robert Hurley, 1991, City Lights Books.
Blue of Noon, Harry Matthews, 2002, Marion Boyars Publishers.
The Unfinished System of Nonknowledge, Stuart Kendall and Michelle Kendall, 2004, University of Minnesota Press.

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Works on Bataille

Against Architecture: The Writings of Georges Bataille, Denis Hollier, 1992, MIT Press, ISBN 0262581132.
Georges Bataille and the Mysticism of Sin, Peter Connor, 2000, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801877350.
Georges Bataille, la mort a l'oeuvre, Michel Surya, 1992, Editions Gallimard.
Georges Bataille, An Intellectual Biography, Michel Surya, trans. Krzysztof Fijalkowsi and Michael Richardson, 2002, Verso.
Die Zauberlehrlinge. Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie, Stephan Moebius, 2006, Konstanz.
The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism (an essay on athiestic religion), Nick Land, 1992, Routledge, ISBN 0201601144961.