Henry H. Arnold
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Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold (June 25, 1886 – January 15, 1950) was a pilot and commander of the United States Army Air Corps (from 1938), commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces (from 1941 until 1945) and the first General of the Air Force (in 1949.)
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Early life and career
Born in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania into a military family he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1903 at age 17. At the institution he joined and later led the "Black Hand", a student group of prankers. He wanted to join the cavalry but his poor discipline and average academic achievements resulted in him being commissioned in 1907 as a Second Lieutenant in the infantry, initially assigned to the newly-won Philippines.
In 1909, while stationed at Fort Jay, he was offered the chance of flight instruction. In 1911 he began the course with fellow soldier Thomas DeWitt Milling at Simms Station, the Wright brothers' school. After approximately four hours of lessons over the course of two months he took his first solo flight in May and received his civil certificate in July, his military rating was awarded a year later, the first man to qualify.
The first two Army pilots then instructors, flying for the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps out of College Park, Maryland or Barnes Farm, Georgia Arnold set an altitude record of 6,540 feet in June and had his first serious crash in July. In September there was the first death, of Corporal Frank Scott, while another pilot died later that month. In October, Arnold won the inaugural Mackay Trophy for "the most outstanding military flight of the year." In September, Arnold took a ground job as assistant in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer.
In 1913 he married Eleanor Pool and lost his flying status; only unmarried pilots were allowed. Reassigned to the Philippines, he met George Catlett Marshall, soon to become his friend and long-time supporter. In 1915, with war imminent, Arnold was re-assigned to the Aviation Section at Rockwell Field and promoted to captain; he had to requalify for flight capability. He completed the course in November, 1916 and was promoted to Captain. Briefly assigned to the Panama Canal Zone as a squadron commander, he was recalled to Washington just before April 1917. He was assigned as an executive officer of the Air Division and given a brevet colonelcy. He never saw combat in World War I — he was ordered to France in October 1918, but fell ill with influenza and did not arrive until November. Poor weather prevented any operations before the armistice was signed on November 11.
Post-WWI
The improvements in aircraft during the war and the creation of organizations such as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics greatly improved the potential for U.S. Army airpower. Arnold was ordered back to Rockwell Field in 1919 as district supervisor and Major, overseeing demobilization. He worked hard to preserve and promote aviation with shows and publicity stunts. At Rockwell Field Arnold first established relationships with the men that would be his main aides: Carl Spaatz and Ira Eaker, while supporting at a distance the highly visible efforts of William L. Mitchell. In 1924, Arnold was recalled to Washington to join the staff of the Chief of the Air Service, General Mason Patrick. Arnold also attended the Army Industrial College at this time. When Mitchell was court-martialed in 1926, Arnold was also threatened, and in 1927 he was sent to Fort Riley, Kansas -- a cavalry post far from any aviation advances.
Arnold took his punishment and after his tour at Fort Riley he attended the Army Staff College before returning to Army aviation at Fairfield Air Service Depot, Ohio in late 1928. In 1930 he was moved to Wright Field to join the staff of General Pratt and in late 1931 he took command at March Field, California of the 1st Wing as a Lieutenant-Colonel; this was his first promotion in over ten years. In 1934 he commanded one of the three military zones during the Air Mail Scandal, but his pilots performed well and his own reputation was relatively untouched by the fiasco. Later that same year he won his second Mackay Trophy, when he led ten of the new B-10 bombers 18,000 miles from Washington to Fairbanks; he was also promoted to a temporary Brigadier-General. Although he lobbied for recognition of the other airmen involved in the Alaska flight, the Army Chief of Staff ignored Arnold's recommendations, with the result that his reputation among some of his peers was tarnished by resentment.
In 1936, Arnold returned to Washington as Assistant Chief of the Air Corps, under the new Chief, Major General Oscar Westover. On the death of Westover, in an air accident in September, 1938, Arnold took over as Chief of the Air Corps and was immediately bumped to Major General. His first move was to push the R&D efforts much harder, especially over the new B-17 and the JATO concept. Happy to use civilian expertise, Caltech was an especial beneficiary of Air Corps funds and Theodore von Kármán of Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) developed a good working relationship with Arnold. Charles Lindbergh was also briefly co-opted by the Air Corps as a spokesman for aviation. Arnold concentrated on rapid returns from R&D, expanding proven technologies to provide operation-oriented solutions to meet the rising threat of the Axis Powers. From 1940 onward, Arnold also pushed for jet propulsion, especially after the British gifted the plans of the Whittle Turbojet in 1941.
World War II
Image:Marshall arnold and bradley.jpg With conflict approaching the separation between the Air Corps and the Air Force Combat Command was removed and the two were merged as the United States Army Air Forces. Arnold was made Chief of the Army Air Forces in June 1941. Even before then he pushed for aid to Britain; when the U.S. began flying from England, Arnold flew there to organize the 8th Air Force's campaign. He was a strong supporter of strategic rather than tactical bombing.
In March 1942, he was promoted to Commanding General, and was also given places on the decision making Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. In March 1943 he was promoted to four-star general and on December 21, 1944 he was made a General of the Army, ranking him fourth in the U.S. military structure.
In 1945, he founded Project RAND from $10,000,000 of leftover funds from World War II. It later became the RAND Corporation, a think-tank for military strategy,
Later years
After suffering a heart-attack he retired on June 30, 1946 after 43 years of service. He was succeeded by Carl Spaatz. The United States Air Force was created in 1947 and on May 7, 1949, Arnold was honored by being made the first (and to date, only) General of the Air Force. He died in Sonoma, California and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
His nickname Hap was short for Happy, a nickname he picked up in the 1930s replacing his West Point-gained nickname of Pewt.
The honorary organization in Air Force ROTC, the Arnold Air Society, is named in his honor, as is the cadet social center at the United States Air Force Academy, Arnold Hall.
External links
nl:Henry Harley Arnold ja:ヘンリー・アーノルド sl:Henry Harley Arnold zh:亨利·阿诺德
Categories: 1886 births | 1950 deaths | People from Pennsylvania | Aerial warfare pioneers | American World War II people | American aviators | United States Army generals | United States Air Force generals | West Point graduates | National Aviation Hall of Fame | RAND Corporation people | Burials at Arlington National Cemetery