Infallibility
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Infallibility, from Latin origin (in, not + fallere, to deceive), is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing truth with certainty.
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In common speech
When a statement, teaching, or book is called infallible, this can mean any of the following:
- It is something that is certainly true
- It it something that can be safely relied on
When a person is called infallible, this can mean any of the following:
- Some statements or teachings made by this person can be relied on to be certainly true
- All statements or teachings made by this person can be relied on to be certainly true
- All information believed by this person is true
- This person is free from flaws or defects, especially of a moral nature
These definitions differ widely. In common speech, infallibility can refer to a person (or a group of persons), to an act of teaching by these persons, or to the information being taught.
Furthermore, infallibility can refer to the absence of error or to the inability to err. Although these are similar, they are philosophically distinct categories. For example, it is theoretically possible that a human being might happen to live their entire life without ever uttering a false sentence, even though they had the ability to err.
Infallibility is sometimes used to refer to someone's ability to learn something with certainty. For example, a careful researcher might study a hundred books, each of which contains a few errors, and after carefully judging the statements in these books might deduce the complete, error-free truth. This is referred to as learning infallibly or knowing infallibly. However, this meaning is rarely used.
In psychology and sociology
Infallibility is inseparable from human nature as a result of the aspect of the human condition called self-awareness. It is one of the features that set us apart from animals, and as such, civilization can not exist without it. In some cases, this may mean that a fact is to be accepted as true by all people; in others it may mean that an arbitrary decision must be made, and then not disputed.
Bank transactions are an example of this. If one cannot obtain certainty when counting out a withdrawal, then all transactions would become negotiated. "I think SIX twenties make a hundred. After all, you can't be certain it is only five, and the customer is always right."
In philosophy
Philosophy is concerned with the question of what, if anything, humans can know.
Some philosophical schools denying that people can know anything; others deny that people can know anything with certainty. For details, see existentialism and skepticism).
The German critical rationalist philosopher Hans Albert presented a logical argument that fallibilism is ubiquitous and inevitable, even in the fields of mathematics and logic. For details, see Munchhausen-Trilemma.
Other philosophical schools agree that people can know things with certainty. See metaphysics, epistemology, reason and logic.
In theology
In theology, infallibility refers to a teaching that is guaranteed to be free from error.
Doctrines regarding infallibility in Christian churches
Christian churches differ in their beliefs about infallibility. Some churches deny that infallibility exists. Others assert that certain categories of teaching are infallible. For details, see Infallibility of the Church.
Many Christian churches accept the doctrine of Biblical inerrancy. The concept of inerrancy has many similarities to the concept of infallibility.
Semantic notes
In Roman Catholic theology, only the actual act of teaching is properly called "infallible". For example, according to Roman Catholic dogma, Pope Pius IX's teaching regarding the Immaculate Conception was infallible; it is grammatically incorrect to say "the pope is [sometimes] infallible" or to say "the Immaculate Conception is infallible". Nonetheless, these phrases are frequently used in conversations or Catholic writings.
Infallibility does not refer to the inability to sin (impeccability), or to the personal holiness of a person, although it is occasionally misunderstood in that sense.
Islamic Beliefs
In Islamic theology, the widely held belief by the majority Sunnis and minority Shiites is that the Prophets of Allah were infallible in the sense that all statements or teachings made by them can be relied on to be certainly true and all information believed by them is also true. Islam also teaches that the Holy Qur'an is an infallible text, one that is certainly true and is something that can be safely relied on.
Shi'a Imams
In Shi'a theology, the belief is that the Ahl al-Bayt, including Prophet Mohammad, and his daughter Fatima Zahra are all infallible. It is believed that they are infallible in the sense that all statements or teachings made by them can be relied on to be certainly true, that all information believed by themselves is true, and that they are free from flaws or defects, in a sense, perfect creation. It is also held by Shi'as that there were 124,000 Prophets, beginning with Adam and ending with Mohammad - with all but the latter being infallible in the same sense as the Ahl al-Bayt except for having minor human flaws and defects.