Infant baptism
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Template:Cleanup-date In Christian religious practice, infant baptism is the baptism of young children. In theological discussions, it is also referred to as paedobaptism or pedobaptism from the Greek paido meaning "child." Infant baptism contrasts with believer's baptism, or credobaptism, from the Latin word credo meaning "I believe", which is the Christian religious practice of baptizing only adults who declare faith in Jesus.
Many Christian denominations practice infant baptism, including Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Presbyterianism, Calvinism, and Methodism.
The Baptismal Ceremony
Image:InfantBaptism.jpg The exact baptismal ceremony varies between Christian denominations; typically, however, parents bring their child to their congregation's clergy. Many follow a standard rite or liturgy. Most pedobaptists baptize their baby by either pouring water (affusion) or by sprinkling water (aspersion) on the child. Some Eastern Orthodox and Catholic traditions baptize their babies by totally immersing them in the baptistery. In common among most of these traditions is the use of the following words as the child touches the water: "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" (see Matthew 28:19).
History
Scholars from the traditions that practice infant baptism contend that indirect evidence for baptizing children exists within the New Testament. They cite occasions from the Book of Acts when whole households were baptized, in the words "The promise is for you and for your children." Advocates of believers's baptism counter that such passages do not necessarily include infants and young children.
The earliest extra-biblical reference to baptism occurs in the Didache (c. 100 A.D.), the Epistle of Barnabas (c. 130 A.D.), and the Shepherd of Hermas (c. 150 A.D.). Some scholars argue that all of these works describe the practices surrounding baptism in ways that imply it is adults that are baptized. The Didache, for example, directs that candidates for baptism be instructed and fast for two days:
"Concerning baptism, baptize thus: having first recited all these precepts, baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. ... Before a baptism, let him who baptizes and him who is baptized fast, and any others who may be able to do so. And command him who is baptized to fast one or two days beforehand"<ref>The Didache, 7:1,4</ref>
The proponents of infant baptism counter that these passages illustrated adult baptism but do not exclude infant baptism. They also point to discussions of infant salvation in the first three centuries and the observations of later writers that infant baptism was the tradition of the church strongly suggests that the practice was established in the earliest days of church history.
The earliest uncontested historical record of infant baptism is recorded in the works of Origen (185-254 A.D.):
"Every soul that is born into flesh is soiled by the filth of wickedness and sin... In the Church, baptism is given for the remission of sins, and, according to the usage of the Church, baptism is given even to infants. If there were nothing in infants which required the remission of sins and nothing in them pertinent to forgiveness, the grace of baptism would seem superfluous."<ref>From a Homilies on Leviticus 8:3</ref>
From the 3rd century until the 16th century, infant baptism was practised by almost all Christian churches. In the 16th century the Anabaptists challenged the biblical warrant for this practice, starting the debate between pedobaptism and credobaptism which continues to be a source of disagreement between Christians.
Theology of infant baptism
The basic theology of the various Christian denominations often vary. (see Material Principle) For this reason, the meaning of baptism itself and infant baptism in particular depends greatly upon the Christian tradition to which the candidate belongs.
Agreements among pedobaptists
The general consensus is that baptism is the New Testament form of circumcision. All male converts to Judaism and male infants born to Jewish parents were circumcised as rite of initiation into the Jewish community<ref>See Genesis 17:10-11</ref>. Pedobaptists contend that baptism has replaced circumcision and is the rite of initiation into the Christian community. Beyond this, very little is agreed on the subject among Christian denominations.
Differences between pedobaptists
Pedobaptists disagree about the precise significance of infant baptism and the exact justification for it. These differences generally revolve around the following issues:
- What baptism does, if anything
- What spiritual effect baptism has on the infant being baptized
- The extent of the effect of baptism beyond a symbolic expression
This disagreement is rooted in the interpretation of more fundamental areas of theology, such as the doctrine of salvation and the doctrine of the sacraments.
Christian groups who practice infant baptism divide approximately into four groups of opinion:
The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican churches
These three Christian disciplines contend that infant baptism is not a mere symbol but that it actually conveys grace. They further contend that the grace conveyed in baptism is an essential first step in the process of justification. They view baptism as a "tool" or "instrument" of God's justifying grace because it directly causes initial justification. They see it as God's drowning of the sinful nature resulting in the recreation of spiritual life in the soul. Catholics believe that baptism removes original sin and is the same as what fundamentalists describe as "Born Again."
Lutherans
Lutherans baptize children because they believe that God commands it, based on Bible verses such as Matthew 28:19, Mark 10:13-15, Acts 2:38-39, and Ephesians 6:4. Baptism, they teach, is one of the Means of Grace through which God creates and/or strengthens the gift of faith. Thus, as faith is a gift, the reception of which does not depend on the abilities of the one baptized, when either an infant or an adult is baptized, God brings forth faith in that person. It follows that in the case of infants, while this faith cannot yet, of course, be expressed or articulated as it can in the case of an adult, the faith held by that infant is real and present all the same, just as for the believing adult.<ref>See "Baptism and Its Purpose" by the Lutheran Church</ref>
Methodists
Methodists contend that infant baptism has spiritual value for the infant. John Wesley, the founder of Methodism maintained the Anglican view that baptism regenerates the infant. He listed several ways that infants benefit from baptism:
- The guilt of Original Sin is removed.
- They gain admission into the Church.
- Their standing before God is changed from one under condemnation to a child of God.
Infant baptism is particularly illustrative of the Methodist doctrine of prevenient grace. The principle is that The Fall of Man ruined the human soul to such an extent that nobody wants a relationship with God. In order for humans to even want to be able to choose God, God must therefore take care of their innate dislike of spiritual matters, which he does by means of prevenient grace. This involves God taking the very first step in salvation, preceding any human effort or decision. Methodists justify infant baptism by this principle, and also use it symbolically, as an illustration of God approaching the helpless. They see the ceremony additionally as a celebration of God's prevenient grace.
The Presbyterian and Continental Reformed churches
Presbyterian and Reformed Christians contend that baptism is not a mere symbol, but actually conveys grace. The grace it conveys, however, is not justifying grace. It may convey sanctifying grace or some other kind of grace. Baptism, according to this tradition, does not produce Christians, but it identifies the child as a member of the covenant community. Being a member of the covenant community does not guarantee salvation; however, it does provide the child with the benefit of that particular congregation consenting to assist in the raising of that child in "the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it". (Proverbs 22:6)
They see infant baptism as the New Testament form of circumcision in the Jewish covenant (Joshua 24:15). Circumcision did not create faith in the 8-day-old Jewish boy. It merely marked him as a member of God’s covenant people the church. Likewise, baptism doesn’t create faith; it is a sign of entrance into the church.
Presbyterian and Reformed pedobaptists accept the children of believers as members of the church. Credobaptists, by contrast, treat their infants and toddlers as unbelievers or inquirers. This acceptance implies that membership in the church is not just a matter of intellectual understanding, assent, or even faith.
Pedobaptism versus Credobaptism
The main question which separates pedobaptists and credobaptists is this:
Who should be baptized?
The pedobaptists answer is: adult believers and the children of believers.
The credobaptists answer is: only those who have professed faith (believers)" the credobaptist argument is often mischaracterized as "adults only", but this is not an accurate representation. simply being an adult does not qualify one for baptism. one must come to saving faith and profess christ as lord and savior. this could happen for some at 6yrs. old and still be valid according to credobaptists.
The Roots of the Disagreement
The two different answers to this question do not, by themselves, shed much light on the nature of the dispute between pedobaptists and credobaptists. To fully grasp the disagreement over infant baptism one needs to understand the roots of the disagreement.
Prior Theological Commitments
The disagreement about infant baptism is grounded in differing theological views at a more basic level. Christians disagree about infant baptism because they disagree about the nature of faith, the role of baptism, the means of salvation, the nature of grace, and the function of the sacraments. Pedobaptism and credobaptism are positions which bubble up from theological views at a more fundamental level of one’s theological system.
Fundamental Theological Questions
Christians answer the question: who should be baptized differently because they give different answers to the more fundamental questions which lie beneath it. These more basic questions include:
- Why do Christians baptize anyone at all (i.e. what is the point of baptism)?
- Who are members of God’s covenant community or church?
- What does baptism signify and/or symbolize?
- Is baptism merely a symbol or is it a channel through which God conveys grace (i.e. spiritual power, unmerited favor, spiritual blessing)?
- If baptism conveys grace, does it convey justifying grace (grace that makes one a Christian) or sanctifying grace (grace which makes one a better Christian)?
Different Answers to Fundamental Theological Questions
Credobaptists answer these foundational questions this way:
- Baptism is a public profession of faith. It is a non-verbal or symbolic way of publicly telling the world one is a Christian.
- Only those who have faith in Christ are members of God’s covenant community (or church).
- Baptism symbolizes that the individual has been washed and cleansed from his sin by the blood of Jesus.
- Baptism is merely a symbol. It does not convey grace of any kind.
These answers entail, or at least imply, credobaptism. If, for example, the whole point of baptism is to publicly declare that an individual is a believer in Christ, then newborns should not be baptized because they do not, as far as we can tell, believe in Christ (or anything else for that matter).
Pedobaptists answer these foundational questions quite differently. There is widespread disagreement among pedobaptists, but they typically give the following sorts of answers:
- Baptism is a sign that a person is a member of God’s covenant community.
- Believers and the children of believers are members of God’s covenant community (or church).
- Baptism symbolizes cleansing and washing.
- Baptism is not merely a symbol. It conveys grace.
- Pedobaptists disagree on the answer to this question. Some argue baptism conveys justifying grace, others sanctifying grace, still other that it conveys both kinds of grace.
If one answers these fundamental questions this way, then the practice of infant baptism looks differently.
If baptism is a sign that a person is a member of God’s covenant and if the children of believers are members of that community, then, pedobaptists contend, it follows that the children of believers should receive the sign that they are members of God’s covenant community by being baptized. If baptism is like a passport, i.e. a sign that you are a member of a particular country and if an infant is a member of that country, he should be permitted a passport.
Why do pedobaptists and credobaptists give different answers to foundational question surrounding baptism? They differ because their reading and interpretation of the Bible and their view about the sources of theology differ.
Arguments for infant baptism
As was mentioned above, pedobaptists do not completely agree on the reasons for baptizing infants. Consequently, pedobaptists offer different but related cases for infant baptism. What follows is a lowest common denominator argument for infant baptism. It reflects the less robust view of the effects of baptism, but is entirely consistent with the stronger views of infant baptism. Pedobaptists, like Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, might think it is incomplete but not mistaken. They would agree with it as far as it goes, but just think it does not go far enough.
One argument for infant baptism runs as follows:
The Basic Argument
- Premise #1: Circumcision is the sign of the covenant God made with Abraham and should be received by all the members of his covenant (Gen. 17:10-11).
- Premise #2: The children of members of Abraham's covenant are themselves members of Abraham's covenant (Gen 17:7, Dt. 7:9, 30:6, 1Ch 16:15, Psa 103:17, 105:8).
- Premise #3: Christians are members of Abraham's covenant (Galatians 3:6-9 & Galatians 3:26-29; Romans 11.17-24; Rom. 4:16; Eph. 2:11-13; Eph. 3:3-6; Rom 2:28-29; 1 Peter 2:9; Gal. 6:16; Phil 3:2-3).
- Premise #4: Therefore, the children of Christians are members of Abraham's covenant (follows logically and necessarily from 2 & 3; 1 Cor. 7:14; Acts 2:38).
- Premise #5: Baptism is the New Testament form of circumcision (Col. 2:11-12).
- Conclusion: Therefore, the children of Christians should receive the sign of the covenant by being baptized (logically and necessarily from 1, 4, & 5).
Covenant Theology and the Case for Infant Baptism
Presbyterian and Reformed Christians base their case for infant baptism on Covenant theology. Covenant theology is a broad interpretative framework used to understand the Bible. Reformed Baptists are Reformed yet, as their name suggests, adhere to Believers Baptism.
According to Covenant theology God makes two basic covenants, or agreements, with humans. The first one, the Covenant of Works is an agreement that bases man’s relationship with God on human obedience and morality. The covenant was made with Adam in the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve broke this covenant so God replaced it with a second more durable covenant--- the Covenant of Grace. The Covenant of Grace is an agreement that bases man’s relationship with God on God’s grace and generosity. The Covenant of Works failed because it was based on human performance. The Covenant of Grace is durable because it is based on God’s performance.
All the covenants that God makes with humans after the Fall, (e.g. with Abraham, Moses, and David) are really just different forms of the Covenant of Grace. They may appear to be different but are fundamentally the same covenant. The underlying Covenant of Grace stays the same even though the external forms changes. Consequently, Covenant theologians see in Old Testament Israel the people of God (the church) before Christ was born. For the Covenant theologian, therefore, there is only one people of God - the church.
According to Presbyterian and Reformed Christians, this theological framework is important to the Biblical case for infant baptism because it provides a reason for thinking there is strong continuity between the Old and New Testaments. It provides a bridge linking the two Testaments together.
Covenant Theologians claim that the New Testament book of Hebrews demonstrates that much of Israel's cultic worship has been replaced by the person and work of Christ. The result is that some important forms of worship in the Old Testament have New Testament equivalents. The Passover festival, for example, was replaced by the Lord's Supper (or Eucharist).
It is across the bridge of Covenant Theology that the sign of Abraham’s covenant, circumcision, walks into the New Testament. The sign of the Covenant changes its external form to reflect new spiritual realties. It was a bloody sign in the Old Testament but because Christ has shed his blood, it has been transformed into a bloodless sign, i.e. washing with water. Passover was a bloody form of Old Testament worship and also transitions into the New Testament in the bloodless form of bread and wine.
Covenant theologians point out that the external sign of the covenant in the Old Testament was circumcision. Circumcision was performed upon the male children of Israelites to signify their external membership in God's people, not as a guarantee of true faith; the Old Testament records many Israelites who turned from God and were punished, showing that their hearts were not truly set on serving God. So while all male Israelites had the sign of the covenant performed on them in a once off ceremony soon after birth, such a signifier was external only and not a true indicator of whether or not they would later exhibit true faith in Yahweh.
In the New Testament, circumcision is no longer seen as mandatory for God's people. However there is compelling evidence to suggest that the Old Testament circumcision rite has been replaced by baptism. For instance: "In Him you were also circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, by putting off the body of the sins of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ, buried with Him in baptism." (Colossians 2:11-12a)
Some pedobaptists, then, think the analogy of baptism to circumcision correctly point to children, since the historic Israelite application of circumcision was to infants, not to adult converts, of which there were few. Covenant theology, then, identifies baptism less as statement of faith as an assumption of identity; that is to say that infant baptism is a sign of covenantal inclusion.
Corroborating Evidence
Pedobaptists point to a number of passages in the New Testament which seem to corroborate the above argument.
Household Baptisms
In the Old Testament, if the head of a household converted to Judaism, all the males in the house, even the infants, were circumcised. Pedobaptists argue this pattern continues into the New Testament. Reference is made, for example, to baptizing a person and their whole household – the households of Lydia, Crispus, and Stephanas are mentioned by name Acts 16:14-15, 18:8; 1 Cor 1:16.
Pedobaptists challenge credobaptists on this point: Why would a whole household be baptized just because the head of the house had faith? Shouldn’t they baptize each member of the family as they come to individual faith? Household baptism implies that the rules for membership in Abraham's covenant has continued into the New Testament, the main difference is the sign of the covenant. Baptism has replaced circumcision as the sign of membership in God covenant community. These household baptisms fit nicely with the argument for infant baptism and, so, are evidence for it. Household baptisms fit poorly with the credobaptists view of baptism as a sign of individual faith, and so, is evidence against it.
Original Sin without Possibility of Salvation?
Pedobaptists also point to Psalm 51, which reads, in part, "surely I was sinful from birth," as indication that infants are sinful (vid. original sin) and are thus in need of forgiveness that they too might have salvation. Credobaptists would admit that infants are in need of salvation but pedobaptists push the point a step further by arguing that it makes no theological sense for infants to need salvation but for God to make no provision for them to be saved.
Arguments against Infant Baptism
Opponents of pedobaptism point to Biblical passages emphasizing individual conscience, seeing baptism as something which is for those who already believe --- thus it is for those who are able to state their belief, and infants clearly cannot do such a thing. Repentance (Acts 2:38 -- "repent and be baptized") is often seen as a prerequisite, which requires a mature understanding of sin and a decision to turn away from sin. Some point to Deuteronomy 24:16 or 1 Peter 3:21 as evidence that each individual must make a mature decision regarding baptism.
Some who oppose infant baptism view baptism as a point of conversion; others view it as largely symbolic, an "outward sign of inward grace". But all opponents agree that a person must understand baptism and make his or her own decision.
Baptists and some other denominations (see below) do not accept infant baptism as valid, and Christians who transfer membership from pedobaptist churches to denominations that practice believers' baptism are generally required to be "rebaptized". Pedobaptism is also opposed by some because the child is baptized into the church without its consent. There is wide disparity (even within most denominations) regarding what age a child becomes mature enough to make this decision.
Infant baptism and confirmation
Children baptized as infants or toddlers are often asked to "confirm" their baptismal vows, when they are roughly between 11-14 years of age, by publicly affirming their faith through the use and acceptance of the Apostles' Creed. Eastern Christian practice differs from this in that baptism and chrismation (the equivalent of confirmation in Eastern Christianity) are celebrated at the same service when infants are admitted into the church.
Denominations and Religious Groups opposed to pedobaptism
Among the Christian denominations other religious groups opposed to pedobaptism on theological grounds are Reformed Baptists, Anabaptists, Baptists, and Seventh Day Adventists.
The Latter-day Saints also opposes infant baptism. The last of these bases its opposition to the practice in the belief that one is not accountable for sin before reaching the age of eight. This is expounded in the Book of Moroni (of the Book of Mormon), chapter 8, which describes infant baptism as a "gross error" and a "solemn mockery". It contends that they are not capable of committing sin, but are "alive in Christ".
See also
References
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External links
- Many articles about Infant Baptism and Believer's Baptism from a conservative Calvinist perspective
- By Water and the Spirit (United Methodist perspective)de:Kindertaufe