Jacksonian democracy

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Jacksonian democracy refers to the political philosophy of President Andrew Jackson and his followers in the new Democratic Party. It was resisted by the rival Whig Party. More broadly, it refers to the period of the Second Party System (1824–1854) in which this philosophy was ascendant as well as the spirit of that era. It is often contrasted with the characteristics of Jeffersonian democracy, which dominated the previous political era.

Broadly, Jacksonian democracy, in contrast to the Jeffersonian era, promoted the strength of the executive branch and the Presidency at the expense of Congressional power, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. Jacksonians believed in enfranchising all eligible white males, rather than just the propertied class, and supported the patronage system that enabled politicians to appoint their supporters into administrative offices, arguing that it would lead to increased public participation in politics. They opposed appointive judges. They rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms the Jacksonians favored geographical expansion, sometimes justifying it in terms of Manifest Destiny. There was usually a consensus among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided. The Jacksonian Era lasted roughly from Jackson's election until the slavery issue became dominant after 1850 and the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics.

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The philosophy

Image:AJ~bank.JPG Jacksonian democracy is based on several key principles:

Expanded suffrage
Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended beyond landowners to include all white men of legal age.
Manifest Destiny
This was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to settle the American West and to expand control over all of North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
Patronage
Also known as the spoils system, patronage was the policy of placing political supporters into appointed offices. Jacksonians held the view that patronage was not only the right, but also the duty of winners in political contests. Patronage was theorized to be good because it would encourage political participation by the common man and because it would make a politician more accountable for poor government service by his appointees. Jacksonians also held that long tenure in the civil service was corrupting, so civil servants should be rotated out of office at regular intervals.
Strict construction of the Constitution
Like the "Old Republicans" who strongly believed in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Jacksonians favored a federal government of limited powers. Jackson said that he would guard against "all encroachments upon the legitimate sphere of State sovereignty". This is not to say that Jackson was a states' rights extremist; indeed, the Nullification Crisis would find Jackson fighting against what he perceived as state encroachments on the proper sphere of federal influence.
Laissez-faire economics
Complimenting a strict construction of the Constitution, the Jacksonians favored a hands-off approach to the economy. The leader was Wiliam Leggett of the Loco-Focos in New York City. Jackson believed that when the government took a stronger role in the economy, it made it easier for favored groups to win special privileges, which was anathema to a nation run by the common man. In particular, the Jacksonians opposed banks, especially the national bank, known as the Second Bank of the United States.
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The historical era

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Election by the "common man"

Andrew Jackson was the first president ever to be partially elected by the common citizenry, as the 1824 United States Presidential election was the first in which free white men without property could vote. Nonetheless, one quarter of the participating states had their electors chosen by the State Legislatures. Issues of social class have been much discussed by historians (Wilentz 1982). For more details see Social Class in American History.

In addition, some political parties began holding public nominating conventions to select a party's presidential and vice presidential candidates, allowing more voter input.

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A popular Hero

Jackson's mannerisms and ideal of power contrasted sharply with the first proposed people's president, Thomas Jefferson. For instance, Jackson's inaugural address was attended by a wide variety of people; from former African American slaves to the richest land owner.

Jackson, a war hero who had fought alongside trappers and traders in the War of 1812, was someone with whom the common man could identify, and brought an informality to the conduct of government: he discussed politics in his parlor with "common" men while smoking cigars, in contrast to the more formal meetings common to the Jeffersonian era. Jackson was sometimes advised by a group of old friends, known as his "kitchen cabinet."

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Factions 1824–32

The period 1824–32 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party was dead. With no effective opposition, the old Jeffersonian Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved, and politicians moved in and out of alliances.

Many former Republicans supported Jackson; others, such as Henry Clay, opposed him. Most former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, opposed Jackson, although some, like James Buchanan, supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together a network of factions called the National Republicans, but he was defeated by Andrew Jackson's coalition.

The system stabilized in 1832-34, as the National Republicans joined with other anti-Jacksonians, such as the Anti-Masonic Party, to form the Whig party. The Democrats and Whigs now battled it out nationally and in every state.

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Reforms

Jackson fulfilled his promise of broadening the influence of the citizenry in government, although not without controversy over his methods.

Jacksonian policies included ending the bank of the United States, expanding westward, and removing American Indians from the Southeast. Jackson was denounced as a tyrant by opponents on both ends of the political spectrum such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Jacksonian Democracy had a lasting impact on allowing for more political participation from the average citizen, though Jacksonian democracy itself largely died off with the election of Abraham Lincoln and the rise of the Republican party.

Jacksonian democracy was also known for its economic Panic of 1837 due perhaps to policy decisions made by Andrew Jackson himself.

Jackson created a system to clear out elected officials in government of an opposing party and replace them with Jacksonian Democrats. Jackson relied heavily on the power of the veto to accomplish his goals; to ensure that Congress never overturned his vetoes, he gave patronage jobs to supporters, ensuring votes for more Jacksonian Democrats in Congress.

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External links

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References

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Secondary sources

  • Altschuler Glenn C. and Stuart M. Blumin, "Limits of Political Engagement in Antebellum America: A New Look at the Golden Age of Participatory Democracy," Journal of American History, 84 (Dec. 1997), 878-79. Online through JSTOR
  • Baker, Jean. Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983).
  • Benson, Lee. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (1961).
  • Bugg Jr. James L. ed. Jacksonian Democracy: Myth or Reality? (1952), short essays
  • Cave, Alfred A. Jacksonian Democracy and the Historians (1964)
  • Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren And The American Political System (1984)
  • Cole, Donald B. Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire (1970), uses quantitative electoral data
  • Formisano, Ronald P. The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (1971), uses quantitative electoral data
  • Formisano, Ronald P. The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (1983), uses quantitative electoral data
  • Formisano, Ronald P., "The Party Period Revisited". The Journal of American History 86.1 (1999): Online through JSTOR
  • Formisano, Ronald P., "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System," American Quarterly, 21 (Winter 1969), 683-709; Online through JSTOR
  • Formisano, Ronald P., "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review, 68 (June 1974), 473-87. Online through JSTOR
  • Hammond, Bray. Andrew Jackson's Battle with the "Money Power" (1958). ch 8, an excerpt from his Pulitzer-prize-winning Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (1954).
  • Hofstatder, Richard. The American Political Tradition (1948), chapter on AJ
  • Hofstadter, Richard. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (1969)
  • Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999)
  • Holt, Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (1992)
  • Howe, Daniel Walker. "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System," Journal of American History, 77 (March 1991), 1216-39. Online through JSTOR
  • Kohl, Lawrence Frederick. The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (1989)
  • Kruman, Marc W. "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism," Journal of the Early Republic, 12 (Winter 1992), 509-37. Online through JSTOR
  • McCormick, Richard L. The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era (New York, 1986)
  • McCormick, Richard P. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (1966) influential state-by-state study
  • Mayo, Edward L. "Republicanism, Antipartyism, and Jacksonian Party Politics: A View from the Nation's Capitol," American Quarterly, 31 (Spring 1979), 3-20. Online through JSTOR
  • Marshall, Lynn. "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review, 72 (Jan. 1967), 445-68. Online through JSTOR
  • Myers, Marvin. The Jacksonian Persuasion.- Politics and Belief (1957)
  • Pessen, Edward. Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics (1978)
  • Pessen, Edward. The Many-Faceted Jacksonian Era: New Interpretations (1977). Important scholarly articles.
  • Robert V. Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography, (1998)
  • Remini, Robert V. Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (1959)
  • Sellers, Charles. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (1991), influential reinterpretation
  • Shade, William G. “The Second Party System” in Paul Kleppner et al, Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983) uses quantitative electoral data
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. The Age of Jackson. (1945). Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
  • Sellers, Charles. "Andrew Jackson Versus the Historians," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLIX ( March, 1958), 615-34, in JSTOR
  • Sharp, James Roger. The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837 (1970). Uses quantitative electoral data
  • Silbey, Joel H. The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (1991)
  • Silbey, Joel H. Political Ideology and Voting Behavior in the Age of Jackson (1973)
  • Syrett, Harold C. Andrew Jackson: His Contribution to the American Tradition (1953)
  • Taylor, George Rogers, ed. Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States (1949), excerpts from primary and secondary sources
  • Van Deusen, Glyndon G. The Jacksonian Era: 1828-1848 (1963) standard scholarly survey
  • Wallace, Michael . "Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828," American Historical Review, 74 (Dec. 1968), 453-91. Online through JSTOR
  • Ward, John William. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age (1962)
  • Wilentz, Sean. "On Class and Politics in Jacksonian America" Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, No. 4, The Promise of American History: Progress and Prospects (Dec., 1982) pp. 45-63. [1]
  • Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (2005), highly detailed scholarly synthesis.
  • Wilson, Major L. Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815-1861 (1974). Intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats
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Primary sources

  • Blau, Joseph L. Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850 (1954)
  • Eaton, Clement ed. The Leaven of Democracy: The Growth of the Democratic Spirit in the Time of Jackson (1963)


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