Latin conjugation

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Template:Mergeto Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation.)

In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verbs (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning).

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

  • the first person singular of the present indicative active
  • the present infinitive
  • the first person singular of the perfect indicative active
  • the supine (or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical)

Contents

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Latin tenses and moods

Latin has the following tenses and moods:

  • Active voice
    • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect (past perfect), future perfect
    • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
    • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
    • Imperative: present, future
    • Participle: present, future
    • Gerund
    • Supine (perfect participle)
  • Passive voice
    • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
    • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
    • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
    • Imperative: present
    • Participle: perfect
    • Verbal adjective
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Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect tenses of ordinary passives are formed periphrastically with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine.

Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerundive, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive.

Semideponent verbs form their imperfect tenses (present, imperfect, and future) in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus semideponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle.

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Principal parts for the active voice

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel a and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present infinitive.

  • The principal parts of a first-conjugation verb follows the pattern: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (to love)

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel e and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present infinitive.

  • The principal parts of a second-conjugation verb follows the pattern: dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum (to destroy)

The third conjugation consists of two sub-forms sometimes referred to as the third normal (or e stem) and third special (or i stem) forms. In the normal form the first person present indicative ends in -ō. In the special or i stem form, the first person indicative ends in -iō. In both cases the present infinitive ends in -ere.

  • The principal parts of a normal third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum (to read)
  • The principal parts of a special third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (to capture)

The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel i and can be recognized by the -īre ending of the present infinitive.

  • The principal parts of a fourth-conjugation verb follows the pattern: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum (to hear)

There are also some verbs that are irregular and do not fall into one of the four categories. Some examples include:

  • sum, esse, fuī, -- (to be) and its compound forms
  • eō, īre, iī (ivī), itum (to go) and its compound forms
  • volō, velle, voluī, -- (to want)
  • nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, -- (to not want)
  • mālō, mālle, māluī, -- (to prefer)
  • ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (to carry or wear)

Some verbs that fall under one of the four categories may follow its method of conjugation but not necessarily have the same progression of principal parts. This is especially true in the third conjugation, where there is no general pattern for the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. For example, the verb occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (to kill) is third conjugation but has principal parts that are different from that of legō.

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Conjugation radicals

The present infinitive radical is derived by dropping the -āre, -ēre, or -īre from the present infinitive.

The perfect indicative radical is derived by dropping the -ī from the first-person singular perfect indicative:

  • amāvī: amāv-
  • dēlēvī: dēlēv-
  • lēgī: lēg-

The supine radical is derived by dropping the -um from the supine:

  • amātum: amat-
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Conjugation tables

For the most part, the four principal parts of a verb are sufficient information to form all other conjugations of the verb. The tables below show the conjugations of verbs in all four declensions and several irregular verbs.

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First conjugation (-are): amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (to love)

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Active voice


Indicative
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future anterior
ego amō amābam amābō amāvī amāveram amāverō
tū amās amābās amābis amāvistī amāverās amāveris
is amat amābat amābit amāvit amāverat amāverit
nōs amāmus amābāmus amābimus amāvimus amāverāmus amāverimus
vōs amātis amābātis amābitis amāvistis amāverātis amāveritis
eī amant amābant amābunt amāvērunt amāverant amāverint


Subjunctive
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
ego amem amārem amāverim amāvissem
tū amēs amārēs amāverīs amāvissēs
is amet amāret amāverit amāvisset
nōs amēmus amārēmus amāverīmus amāvissēmus
vōs amētis amārētis amāverītis amāvissētis
eī ament amārent amāverint amāvissent


Imperative
Present Future
tū amā amātō
is amātō
vōs amāte amatōte
eī amantō


  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: amāre
    • Perfect infinitive: amāvisse
    • Future infinitive: amāturus esse
    • Present participle: amāns
    • Future participle: amāturus
    • Gerund: amandī (gen.), amandō (dat.), amandum (acc.), amandō (abl.)
    • Supine: amātum (acc.), amātū (abl.)
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Passive voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: amārī
    • Perfect infinitive: amātus esse
    • Future infinitive: amātum īrī
    • Perfect participle: amātus (-a, -um)
    • Verbal adjective: amandus
    • Particle: amātus (-a, -um), amātī (-ae, a)
  • Indicative
    • Present: amor, amāris, amātur, amāmur, amāminī, amantur
    • Imperfect: amābar, amābāris, amābātur, amābāmur, amābāminī, amābantur
    • Future: amābor, amāberis, amābitur, amābimur, amābiminī, amābuntur
    • Perfect: amātus sum, amātus es, amātus est, amātī sumus, amātī estis, amātī sunt
    • Pluperfect: amātus eram, amātus erās, amātus erat, amātī erāmus, amātī erātis, amātī erant
    • Future Perfect: amātus erō, amātus eris, amātus erit, amātī erimus, amātī eritis, amātī erunt
  • Subjunctive
    • Present: amer, amēris, amētur, amēmur, amēminī, amentur
    • Imperfect: amārer, amārēris, amārētur, amārēmur, amārēminī, amārentur
    • Perfect: amātus sim, amātus sīs, amātus sit, amātī sīmus, amātī sītis, amātī sint
    • Pluperfect: amātus essem, amātus essēs, amātus esset, amātī essēmus, amātī essētis, amātī essent
  • Imperative
    • Present: amāre (2nd person, singular), amāminī (2nd person, plural)
    • Future: amātor (2nd or 3rd person, singular), amantor (3rd person, plural)
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Pattern

  • Active non-finite forms
    • Present participle: Present radical + -āns
    • Future participle: Supine radical + -ūrus
    • Gerund: Present radical +: -andī, -andō, -andum, -andō
    • Supine: Supine radical +: -um, -ū
  • Active indicative
    • Present: Present radical + -ō, -ās, -at, -āmus, -ātis, -ant
    • Imperfect: Present radical + -āb- +: -am, -ās, -at, -āmus, -ātis, -ant
    • Future: Present radical + -āb- +: -ō, -is, -it, -imus, -itis, -unt
  • Active subjunctive
    • Present: Present radical +: -em, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent
  • Active imperative
    • Present: Present radical +: -ā, -āte
    • Future: Present radical +: -ātō, -ātō, -ātōte, -antō
  • Passive non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: Present radical + -ārī
    • Perfect infinitive: Supine radical + -us esse
    • Future infinitive: Supine radical + -um īrī
    • Perfect participle: Supine radical + -us
    • Verbal adjective: Present radical + -andus
    • Particle: Supine radical +: -us, -ī
  • Passive indicative
    • Present: Present radical +: -or, -āris, -ātur, -āmur, -āminī, -antur
    • Imperfect: Present radical + -āb- + -ar, -āris, -ātur, -āmur, -āminī, -antur
    • Future: Present radical + -āb- +: -or, -eris, -itur, -imur, -iminī, -untur
  • Passive subjunctive
    • Present: Present radical +: -er, -ēris, -ētur, -ēmur, -ēminī, -entur
    • Imperfect: Present infinitive +: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur
  • Passive imperative
    • Present radical +: -āre, -āminī
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Second conjugation (-eō, -ēre): dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvi, dēlētum (to destroy)

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Active voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: dēlēre
    • Perfect infinitive: dēlēvisse
    • Future infinitive: dēlētum (-a, -um) esse
    • Present participle: dēlēns, (-entis)
    • Future participle: dēlētūrus (-a, -um)
    • Perfect participle: no active
    • Gerund: dēlendus (acc.), dēlendō (abl.), dēlendō (dat.), dēlendī(gen.)
    • Supine: dēlētum (acc.), dēlētu (abl.)
Indicative
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future anterior
ego dēleō dēlēbam dēlēbō dēlēvī dēlēveram dēlēverō
tū dēlēs dēlēbās dēlēbis dēlēvistī dēlēverās dēlēveris
is dēlet dēlēbat dēlēbit dēlēvit dēlēverat dēlēverit
nōs dēlēmus dēlēbāmus dēlēbimus dēlēvimus dēlēverāmus dēlēverimus
vōs dēlētis dēlēbātis dēlēbitis dēlēvistis dēlēverātis dēlēveritis
eī dēlent dēlēbant dēlēbunt dēlēvērunt dēlēverant dēlēverint


Subjunctive
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
ego dēleam dēlērem dēlēverim dēlēvissem
tū dēleās dēlērēs dēlēverīs dēlēvissēs
is dēleat dēlēret dēlēverit dēlēvisset
nōs dēleāmus dēlērēmus dēlēverīmus dēlēvissēmus
vōs dēleātis dēlērētis dēlēverītis dēlēvissētis
eī dēleant dēlērent dēlēverint dēlēvissent


  • Imperative
    • Present: dēlē, dēlēte
    • Perfect: dēlēvisse
    • Future: dēlētūrus (-a, -um) esse
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Passive voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: dēlērī
    • Perfect infinitive: dēlētus (-a, -um) esse
    • Future infinitive: no passive
    • Present participle: no passive
    • Perfect: dēlētus (-a, -um)
    • Future participle: dēlendus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: dēleor, dēlēris, dēlētur, dēlēmur, dēlēminī, dēlentur
    • Imperfect: dēlēbar, dēlēbāris, dēlēbātur, dēlēbāmur, dēlēbāminī, dēlēbantur
    • Future: dēlēbor, dēlēberis, dēlēbitur, dēlēbimur, dēlēbiminī, dēlēbuntur
    • Perfect: dēlētus sum, dēlētus es, dēlētus est, dēlētī sumus, dēlētī estis, dēlētī sunt
    • Pluperfect: dēlētus eram, dēlētus eras, dēlētus erat, dēlētī eramus, dēlētī eratis, dēlētī erant
    • Future Perfect: dēlētus erō, dēlētus eris, dēlētus erit, dēlētī erimus, dēlētī eritis, dēlētī erunt
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: dēlear, dēleāris, dēleātur, dēleāmur, dēleāminī, dēleantur
    • Imperfect: dēlērer, dēlērēris, dēlērētur, dēlērēmur, dēlērēminī, dēlērentur
    • Perfect: dēlētus sim, dēlētus sīs, dēlētus sit, dēlētī sīmus, dēlētī sītis, dēlētī sint
    • Pluperfect: dēlētus essem, dēlētus essēs, dēlētus esset, dēlētī essēmus, dēlētī essētis, dēlētī essent
  • Imperative: no passive
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Pattern

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Third conjugation (-o, -ere): lego, legere, legi, lectum (to read)

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Active Voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: legere
    • Perfect infinitive: lēgisse
    • Future infinitive: lēctum (-a, -um) esse
    • Present participle: lēgens, (-tis)
    • Perfect participle: no active
    • Future participle: lēcturus (-a, -um)
    • Gerund: legendus (acc.), legendō (abl.), legendō (dat.), legendī (gen.)
    • Supine: lēctum (acc.), lēctu (abl.)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: legō, legis, legit, legimus, legitis, legunt
    • Imperfect: legēbam, legēbās, legēbat, legēbāmus, legēbātis, legēbant
    • Future: legam, legēs, leget, legēmus, legētis, legēnt
    • Perfect: lēgi, lēgisti, lēgit, lēgimus, lēgistis, lēgerunt
    • Pluperfect: lēgeram, lēgerās, lēgerat, lēgerāmus, lēgerātis, lēgerant
    • Future Perfect: lēgerō, lēgeris, lēgerit, lēgerimus, lēgeritis, lēgerint
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: legam, legās, legat, legāmus, legātis, legant
    • Imperfect: legerem, legerēs, legeret, legēremus, legēretis, legent
    • Perfect: lēgerim, lēgeris, lēgerit, lēgerimus, lēgeritis, lēgerint
    • Pluperfect: lēgissem, lēgissēs, lēgisset, lēgissēmus, lēgissētis, lēgissēnt
  • Imperative
    • Present: lege, legite
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Passive voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: legī
    • Perfect infinitive: lēctus (-a, -um) esse
    • Future infinitive: no passive
    • Present participle: no passive
    • Perfect participle: lēctus (-a, -um)
    • Future participle: legendus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: legor, legeris, legitur, legimur, legimini, leguntur
    • Imperfect: legēbar, legēbāris, legēbātur, legēbāmur, legēbāmini, legēbantur
    • Perfect: lēctus sum, lēctus es, lēctus est, lēcti sumus, lēcti estis, lēcti sunt
    • Pluperfect: lēctus eram, lēctus eras, lēcti erat, lēcti eramus, lēctus eratis, lēctus erant
    • Future Perfect: lēctus ero, lēctus eris, lēcti erit, lēcti erimus, lēctus eritis, lēctus erunt
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: legar, legāris, legatur, legāmur, legāmini, legantur
    • Imperfect: legerer, legerēris, legerētur, legerēmur, legerēmini, legerentur
    • Perfect: lēctus sim, lēctus sis, lēctus sit, lēctus simus, lēctus sitis, lēctus sint
    • Pluperfect: lēctus essem, lēctus essēs, lēctus esset, lēctus essēmus, lēctus essētis, lēctus essent
  • Imperative: no passive
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Third conjugation (-io, -ere): facio, facere, feci, factum (to make, do)

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Active voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: facere
    • Perfect infinitive: fecisse
    • Future infinitive: facturum (-a, -um) esse
    • Present participle: faciens, (-tis)
    • Perfect participle: no active
    • Future participle: facturus (-a, -um)
    • Gerund: faciendum (acc.), faciendo (abl.), faciendo (dat.), faciendi (gen.)
    • Supine: factum (acc.), factu (abl.)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: facio, facis, facit, facimus, facitis, faciunt
    • Imperfect: faciebam, faciebas, faciebat, faciebamus, faciebatis, faciebant
    • Future: faciam, facies, faciet, faciemus, facietis, facient
    • Perfect: feci, fecisti, fecit, fecimus, fecistis, fecerunt
    • Pluperfect: feceram, feceras, fecerat, feceramus, feceratis, fecerant
    • Future Perfect: fecero, feceris, fecerit, fecerimus, feceretis, fecerint
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: faciam, facias, faciat, faciamus, faciatis, faciant
    • Imperfect: facerem, faceres, faceret, faceremus, faceretis, facerent
    • Perfect: fecerim, feceris, fecerit, fecerimus, feceritis, fecerint
    • Pluperfect: fecissem, fecisses, fecisset, fecissemus, fecissetis, fecissent
  • Imperative
    • Present: fac, facite
    • Perfect: fecisse
    • Future: facturus (-a, -um) esse
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Passive voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: fīerī
    • Perfect infinitive: factus (-a, -um) esse
    • Future infinitive: no passive
    • Present participle: no passive
    • Perfect participle: factus (-a, -um)
    • Future participle: faciendus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: fīō, fīs, fit, fīmus, fītis, fīunt
    • Imperfect: fīēbam, fīēbas, fīēbat, fīēbamus, fīēbatis, fīēbant
    • Future: fīam, fīēs, fīet, fīēmus, fīētis, fīent
    • Perfect: factum sum, factum es, factum est, factum sumus, factum estis, factum sunt
    • Pluperfect: factum eram, factum erās, factum erat, factum erāmus, factum erātis, factum erant
    • Future Perfect: factum erō, factum eris, factum erit, factum erimus, factum eritis, factum erint
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: fīam, fīās, fīat, fīāmus, fīātis, fīant
    • Imperfect: fīerem, fīeres, fīeret, fīeremus, fīeretis, fīerent
    • Perfect: factum sim, factum sīs, factum sit, factum sīmus, factum sītis, factum sint
    • Pluperfect: factum essem, factum essēs, factum esset, factum essēmus, factum essētis, factum essent
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Fourth conjugation (-io, -īre): audio, audīre, audīvī, auditum (to hear)

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Active Voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: audīre
    • Perfect infinitive: audivisse
    • Future infinitive: auditurus (-a, -um) esse
    • Present participle: audiens (audientis)
    • Future participle: auditurus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: audio, audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiunt
    • Imperfect: audiebam, audiebas, audiebat, audiebamus, audiebatis, audiebant
    • Future: audiam, audies, audiet, audiemus, audietis, audient
    • Perfect: audīvī, audīvisti, audīvit, audīvīmus, audīvīstis, audīverunt
    • Pluperfect: audīveram, audīveras, audīverat, audīveramus, audīveratis, audīverant
    • Future perfect: audīvero, audīveris, audīverit, audīverimus, audīverint
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: audiam, audias, audiat, audiamus, audiatis, audiant
    • Imperfect: audīrem, audīres, audīret, audīremus, audīretis, audīrent
    • Perfect: audīverim, audīveris, audīverit, audīverimus, audīveritis, audīverint
    • Pluperfect: audīvissem, audīvisses, audīvisset, audīvissēmus, audīvissētis, audīvissent
  • Imperative Mood
    • Present: audī, audīte
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Passive Voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: audīrī
    • Perfect infinitive: audītus (-a, -um) esse
    • Future infinitive: no passive
    • Present participle: no passive
    • Perfect participle: audītus (-a, -um)
    • Future participle: audiendus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: audior, audiris, auditur, audimur, audimini, audiuntur
    • Imperfect: audiebar, audiebaris, audiebatur, audiebamur, audiebamini, audiebantur
    • Future: audiar, audieris, audiet, audiemur, audiemini, audientur
    • Perfect: auditum sum, auditum es, auditum est, audita sumus, audita estis, audita sunt
    • Pluperfect: auditum eram, auditum eras, auditum erat, audita ermus, audita eratis, audita erant
    • Future Perfect: auditum ero, auditum eris, auditum erit, audita erimus, audita eritis, audita erint
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: audiar, audiaris, audiatur, audiamur, audiamini, audiantur
    • Imperfect: audīrer, audīreris, audīretur, audīremini, audīrentur
    • Perfect: auditum sim, auditum sis, auditum sit, audita simus, audita sitis, audita sint
    • Pluperfect: auditum essem, auditum esses, auditum esset, audita essemus, audita essetis, audita essent
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Irregular verbs

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sum, esse, fui (to be)

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: esse
    • Perfect infinitive: fuisse
    • Future infinitive: futurus esse, fore
    • Present participle: ens
    • Future participle: futurus
  • Indicative
    • Present: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
    • Imperfect: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
    • Future: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
    • Perfect: fui, fuisti, fuit, fuimus, fuistis, fuerunt
    • Pluperfect: fueram, fueras, fuerat, fueramus, fueratis, fuerant
    • Future anterior: fuero, fueris, fuerit, fuerimus, fueritis, fuerint
  • Subjunctive (conjunctive)
    • Present: sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
    • Imperfect 1: essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent
    • Imperfect 2: forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent
    • Perfect: fuerim, fueris, fuerit, fuerimus, fueritis, fuerint
    • Pluperfect: fuissem, fuisses, fuisset, fuissemus, fuissetis, fuissent
  • Imperative
    • Present: es, este
    • Future: esto, esto, estote, sunto
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eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go)

  • Indicative
    • Present: eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt
    • Imperfect: ībam, ības, ībat, ībamus, ībatis, ībant
    • Future: ībo, ībis, ībit, ībimus, ībitis, ībunt
    • Perfect: iī, īstī, iit, iimus, īstis, ierunt
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volo, velle, volui (to want)

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: velle
    • Perfect infinitive: voluisse
    • Present participle: volens
  • Indicative
    • Present: volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt
    • Imperfect: volbam, volbas, volbat, volbamus, volbatis, volbant
    • Future: volam, voles, volet, volemus, voletis, volent
    • Perfect: volui, voluisti, voluit, voluimus, voluistis, voluerunt
    • Pluperfect: volueram, volueras, voluerat, volueramus, volueratis, voluerant
    • Future anterior: voluero, volueris, voluerit, voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint
  • Subjunctive (conjunctive)
    • Present: velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint
    • Imperfect: vellem, velles, vellet, vellemus, velletis, vellent
    • Perfect: voluerim, volueris, voluerit, voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint
    • Pluperfect: voluissem, voluisses, voluisset, voluissemus, voluissetis, voluissent
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nolo, nolle, nolui (to not want)

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: nolle
    • Perfect infinitive: noluisse
    • Present participle: nolens
  • Indicative
    • Present: nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt
    • Imperfect: nolebam, nolebas, nolebat, nolebamus, nolebatis, nolebant
    • Future: nolam, noles, nolet, nolemus, noletis, nolent
    • Perfect: nolui, noluisti, noluit, noluimus, noluistis, noluerunt
    • Pluperfect: nolueram, nolueras, noluerat, nolueramus, nolueratis, noluerant
    • Future anterior: noluero, nolueris, noluerit, noluerimus, nolueritis, noluerint
  • Subjunctive (conjunctive)
    • Present: nolim, nolis, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint
    • Imperfect: nollem, nolles, nollet, nollemus, nolletis, nollent
    • Perfect: noluerim, nolueris, noluerit, noluerimus, nolueritis, noluerint
    • Pluperfect: noluissem, noluisses, noluisset, noluissemus, noluissetis, noluissent
  • Imperative
    • Present: noli, nolite
    • Future: nolito, nolito, nolitote, nolunto
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malo, malle, malui (to prefer)

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: malle
    • Perfect infinitive: maluisse
    • Perfect participle: malens
  • Indicative
    • Present: malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt
    • Imperfect: malbam, malbas, malbat, malbamus, malbatis, malbant
    • Future: malam, males, malet, malemus, maletis, malent
    • Perfect: malui, maluisti, maluit, maluimus, maluistis, maluerunt
    • Pluperfect: malueram, malueras, maluerat, malueramus, malueratis, maluerant
    • Future anterior: maluero, malueris, maluerit, maluerimus, malueritis, maluerint
  • Subjunctive (conjunctive)
    • Present: malim, malis, malit, malimus, malitis, malint
    • Imperfect: mallem, malles, mallet, mallemus, malletis, mallent
    • Perfect: maluerim, malueris, maluerit, maluerimus, malueritis, maluerint
    • Pluperfect: maluissem, maluisses, maluisset, maluissemus, maluissetis, maluissent
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ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (to carry, wear)

Active Voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: ferre
    • Perfect infinitive: tulisse
    • Future infinitive: latūrus (-a, -um) esse
    • Present participle: ferēns (ferentis)
    • Future participle: latūrus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: ferō, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt
    • Imperfect: ferēbam, ferēbās, ferēbat, ferēbāmus, ferēbātis, ferēbant
    • Future: feram, ferēs, feret, ferēmus, ferētis, ferent
    • Perfect: tulī, tulistī, tulit, tulimus, tulistis, tulērunt
    • Pluperfect: tuleram, tulerās, tulerat, tulerāmus, tulerātis, tulerant
    • Future perfect: tulerō, tuleris, tulerit, tulerimus, tuleritis, tulerunt
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: feram, ferās, ferat, ferāmus, ferātis, ferant
    • Imperfect: ferrem, ferrēs, ferret, ferrēmus, ferrētis, ferrent
    • Perfect: tulerim, tulerīs, tulerit, tulerīmus, tulerītis, tulerint
    • Pluperfect: tulissem, tulissēs, tulisset, tulissēmus, tulissētis, tulissent
  • Imperative Mood
    • Present: fer, ferte

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Passive Voice

  • Non-finite forms
    • Present infinitive: ferrī
    • Perfect infinitive: latus (-a, -um) esse
    • Future infinitve: no passive
    • Present participle: no passive
    • Perfect participle: latus (-a, -um)
    • Future participle: ferendus (-a, -um)
  • Indicative Mood
    • Present: feror, ferris, fertur, ferimur, feriminī, feruntur
    • Imperfect: ferēbar, ferēbāris, ferēbātur, ferēbāmur, ferēbāminī, ferēbantur
    • Future: ferar, ferēris, ferētur, ferēmur, ferēminī, ferentur
    • Perfect: latus sum, latus es, latus est, latī sumus, latī estis, latī sunt
    • Pluperfect: latus eram, latus erās, latus erat, latī erāmus, latī erātis, latī erant
    • Future Perfect: latus erō, latus eris, latus erit, latī erimus, latī eritis, latī erunt
  • Subjunctive Mood
    • Present: ferar, ferāris, ferātur, ferāmur, ferāminī, ferantur
    • Imperfect: ferrer, ferrēris, ferrētur, ferrēmur, ferrēminī, ferrentur
    • Perfect: latus sim, latus sīs, latus sit, latī sīmus, latī sītis, latī sint
    • Pluperfect: latus essem, latus essēs, latus esset, latī essēmus, latī essētis, latī essent
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Syncopated Forms

'Syncopation' (as opposed to 'syncope') occurs when vowels (most often with consonant v or i) are condensed, usually in poetry.

This most commonly occurs with verbs in the perfect tense, when the -vi- (also -ve) is dropped before endings beginning with s and r.

Examples:

  • amāvistī becomes amāstī
  • amāvistis becomes amāstis
  • dēlēvērunt becomes dēlērunt
  • dēlēvisse becomes dēlēsse
  • audīvissēs becomes audīssēs

This also occurs in nōscō, and compounds of moveō (Charles E. Bennett, New Latin Grammar)

  • nōvistī becomes nōstī
  • commōverat becomes commōrat
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Patterns and Similarities

Notice that in all forms the endings are (at least remotely) similar, 'o' or 'm' endings indicate the first person - I/we . '-s' indicates second person: you ; 't' endings indicate third person - he/she/it/they

So:

Singular
  1. -ō/m = I: sum or amo
  2. -s = You: es or amas
  3. -t = He: est or amat
Plural (note the simularities with the singular)
  1. -mus
  2. -tis
  3. -nt

A few elements of conjugation, often similar to Latin conjugation, survive in English and can serve as helpful mnemonics. 'am' (I am) retains the nasal 'mmm' sound inherited from its ancestors (note: me). is is remarkably similar to the Latin est (cf. German ist). Such similarities are a result of English and Latin's common descent from Indo-European.

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Derivations for all verbs

  • Non-finite forms
    • Perfect infinitive: Perfect radical + -isse
    • Future infinitive: Future participle + esse
  • Active indicative
    • Perfect: Perfect radical +: -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt
    • Pluperfect: Perfect radical +: -eram, -erās, -erat, -erāmus, -erātis, -erant
    • Future anterior: Perfect radical +: -erō, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, -erint
  • Active subjunctive
    • Inflection: -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
    • Imperfect: Present infinitive + subjunctive inflection
    • Perfect: Perfect radical + -eri- + subjunctive inflection
    • Pluperfect: Perfect radical + -isse- + subjunctive inflection
  • Passive voice
    • Passive particle: Supine radical +: -us, -ī
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See also

la:Coniugatio nl:Imperfectum (Latijn)

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