Multiplicity

From Free net encyclopedia

For other senses of this word, see multiplicity (disambiguation).

In mathematics, the multiplicity of a member of a multiset is how many memberships in the multiset it has. For example, the term is used to refer to the value of the totient valence function, or the number of times a given polynomial equation has a root at a given point.

The common reason to consider notions of multiplicity is to count right, without specifying exceptions (for example, double roots counted twice). Hence the expression counted with (sometimes implicit) multiplicity.

1 Multiplicity of a prime factor
2 Multiplicity of a root of a polynomial
3 Multiplicity of a zero of a function
4 In complex analysis
5 See also
6 References

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Multiplicity of a prime factor

In the prime factorization

60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5

the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 2; the multiplicity of the prime factor 3 is 1; and the multiplicity of the prime factor 5 is 1.

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Multiplicity of a root of a polynomial

Let <math>F</math> be a field and <math>p(x)</math> be a polynomial in one variable and coefficients in <math>F</math>. An element <math>a</math> ∈ <math>F</math> is called a root of multiplicity <math>k</math> of <math>p(x)</math> if there is a polynomial <math>s(x)</math> such that <math>s(a)</math> ≠ <math>0</math> and <math>p(x)</math> = <math>(x-a)^ks(x)</math>. If <math>k=1</math>, then <math>a</math> is a called a simple root.

For instance, the polynomial <math>p(x)=x^3+2x^2-7x+4</math> has <math>1</math> and <math>-4</math> as roots, and can be written as <math>p(x)=(x+4)(x-1)^2</math>. This means that <math>1</math> is a root of multiplicity <math>2</math>, and <math>-4</math> is a 'simple' root (multiplicity <math>1</math>).

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Multiplicity of a zero of a function

Let <math>I</math> be an interval of R, let <math>f</math> be a function from <math>I</math> into R or C be a real (resp. complex) function, and let <math>c</math> ∈ <math>I</math> be a zero of <math>f</math>, i.e. a point such that <math>f(c)=0</math>. The point <math>c</math> is said a zero of multiplicity <math>k</math> of <math>f</math> if there exist a real number <math>l</math> ≠ <math>0</math> such that

In a more general setting, let <math>f</math> be a function from an open subset <math>A</math> of a normed vector space <math>E</math> into a normed vector space <math>F</math>, and let <math>c</math> ∈ <math>A</math> be a zero of <math>f</math>, i.e. a point such that <math>f(c)</math> = <math>0</math>. The point <math>c</math> is said a zero of multiplicity <math>k</math> of <math>f</math> if there exist a real number <math>l</math> ≠ <math>0</math> such that

<math>\lim_{x\to c}\frac{\|f(x)\|_{\mathcal F}}{\|x-c\|_{\mathcal E}^k}=l.</math>

The point <math>c</math> is said a zero of multiplicity ∞ of <math>f</math> if for each <math>k</math>, it holds that

<math>\lim_{x\to c}\frac{\|f(x)\|_{\mathcal F}}{\|x-c\|_{\mathcal E}^k}=0.</math>

Example 1. Since

0 is a zero of multiplicity 1 for the function sine function.

Example 2. Since

0 is a zero of multiplicity 2 for the function <math>1-\cos</math>.

Example 3. Consider the function <math>f</math> from R into R such that <math>f(0) = 0</math> and that <math>f(x)= \exp(1/x^2)</math> when <math>x</math> ≠ <math>0</math>. Then, since

<math>\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{|f(x)|}{|x|^k}=0</math> for each <math>k</math> ∈ N

0 is a zero of multiplicity ∞ for the function <math>f</math>.

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In complex analysis

Let <math>z_0</math> be a root of a holomorphic function <math>f</math>, and let <math>n</math> be the least positive integer <math>m</math> such that, the <math>m</math>^th derivative of <math>f</math> evaluated at <math>z_0</math> differs from zero. Then the power series of <math>f</math> about <math>z_0</math> begins with the <math>n</math>th term, and <math>f</math> is said to have a root of multiplicity (or “order”) <math>n</math>. If <math>n=1</math>, the root is called a simple root (Krantz 1999, p. 70).

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